Skip to main content
Physics LibreTexts

5.8: References and Supplemental Reading

  1. Last updated
  2. Save as PDF
  • Page ID
    141629

    • \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)

    \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)

    \( \newcommand{\dsum}{\displaystyle\sum\limits} \)

    \( \newcommand{\dint}{\displaystyle\int\limits} \)

    \( \newcommand{\dlim}{\displaystyle\lim\limits} \)

    \( \newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)

    ( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\)

    \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\)

    \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\)

    \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\)

    \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)

    \( \newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\)

    \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)

    \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\)

    \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\)

    \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\)

    \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\)

    \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\)

    \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\)

    \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\)

    \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\)

    \( \newcommand{\vectorA}[1]{\vec{#1}}      % arrow\)

    \( \newcommand{\vectorAt}[1]{\vec{\text{#1}}}      % arrow\)

    \( \newcommand{\vectorB}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)

    \( \newcommand{\vectorC}[1]{\textbf{#1}} \)

    \( \newcommand{\vectorD}[1]{\overrightarrow{#1}} \)

    \( \newcommand{\vectorDt}[1]{\overrightarrow{\text{#1}}} \)

    \( \newcommand{\vectE}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{\mathbf {#1}}}} \)

    \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)

    \(\newcommand{\longvect}{\overrightarrow}\)

    \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)

    \(\newcommand{\ket}[1]{\left| #1 \right>}\)
    \(\newcommand{\bra}[1]{\left< #1 \right|}\)
    \(\newcommand{\braket}[2]{\left< #1 \vphantom{#2} \right| \left. #2 \vphantom{#1} \right>}\)
    \(\newcommand{\braopket}[3]{\left< #1 \vphantom{#2}\vphantom{#3} \right| #2 \vphantom{#1}\vphantom{#3} \left| #3 \vphantom{#1}\vphantom{#2} \right>}\)
    \(\newcommand{\qmvec}[1]{\mathbf{\vec{#1}}}\)
    \(\newcommand{\op}[1]{\hat{\mathbf{#1}}}\)
    \(\newcommand{\expect}[1]{\langle #1 \rangle}\)
    \(\newcommand{\dfn}[1]{\emph{\textbf{#1}}}\)

    \(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)
    1. Larson, R.B.: The Dynamics of a Collapsing Proto-star, Mon. Not. R. astr. Soc. 45, 1969, pp. 271-295.
    2. Disney, M.J.: Boundary and Initial Conditions in Protostar Calculations, Mon. Not R. astr. Soc. 175, 1976, pp. 323-333.
    3. Hayashi, C.: Evolution of Protostars, Ann. Rev. Astr. and Astrophys. 4, 1966, pp. 171-192.
    4. Cox, J.P., and Giuli, R.T.: Principles of Stellar Structure, Gordon and Breach, New York, 1968, chap. 26, pp. 743-750.
    5. Iben,Jr., I."Normal Stellar Evolution", Stellar Evolution, (Eds.: H-Y Chiu and A. Muriel), M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1972, pp. 44 - 53.
    6. Harris, II, D.L., Strand, K., Aa., and Worley, C.E. "Empirical Data on Stellar Masses, Luminosities, and Radii", Basic Astronomical Data (Ed.: K.Aa. Strand), Stars and Stellar Systems, vol. 3, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1963, p. 285.
    7. Deupree, R.G.,and Cole, P.W.: Mass Loss During the Core Helium Flash, Ap.J. 249, 1981, pp. L35 - L38.
    8. Cox, J.P., and Guili, R.T.: Principles of Stellar Structure, Gordon and Breach, New York, 1968, chap. 26, pp. 874 - 943.
    9. Hamada, T. and Salpeter, E.E.: Models for Zero Temperature Stars, Ap.J. 134, 1961, pp. 683 - 698.
    10. Mestel, L.: On the Theory of White Dwarf Stars I The Energy Sources of White Dwarfs, Mon. Not. R. astr. Soc. 112, 1952, pp. 583 - 597, Particularly see sec. 4, "The Rate of Cooling of a White Dwarf" pp.590 - 593.
    11. Iben Jr.,I., and Tutukov, A.V.: Cooling of Low-Mass Carbon-Oxygen Dwarfs from the Planetary Nucleus Stage through the Crystallization Stage, Ap.J. 282, 1984, pp. 615 - 630.
    12. Deutch, A.J.: The Circumstellar Envelope of Alpha Herculis, Ap.J. 123, 1956, pp. 210 -227.
    13. Massevitch, A.G.: The Evolution of Stars in the h and χ Persei Double Cluster, Soviet Astronomy 1, 1957, pp. 177 - 182.
    14. Ruben, G., and Massevitch, A.G.: An Investigation of Evolutionary Paths for a Homogeneous Stellar Model with a Convective Core, Soviet Astronomy 1, 1957, pp. 705 - 718.
    15. Humphreys, R.M., and Davidson, K.: Studies of Luminous Stars in Nearby Galaxies.III. Comments on the Most Massive Stars in the Milky Way and The Large Magellanic Cloud, Ap.J. 232, 1979, pp. 409 - 420.
    16. Lamers, H.J.G.L.M.: Mass Loss from O and B Stars, Ap.J. 245, 1981, pp. 593 -608.
    17. Brunish, W.M., and Truran, J.W.: The Evolution of Massive Stars I. The Influence of Mass Loss on Population I Stars, Ap.J. 256, 1982, pp. 247 - 258.
    18. Sreenivasan, S.R., and Wilson, W.J.F.: The Evolution of Massive Stars Losing Mass and Angular Momentum: Supergiants, Ap.J. 290, 1985, pp. 653 - 659.
    19. Sreenivasan, S.R., and Wilson, W.J.F.: The Evolution of Massive Stars Losing Mass and Angular Momentum: Rotational Mixing in Early-Type Stars, Ap.J. 292, 1985, pp. 506 - 510.
    20. Burbidge, E.M., Burbidge, G.R., Fowler, W.A., and Hoyle, F.: Synthesis of the Elements in Stars, Rev. of Mod. Phy., 29, 1957, pp. 547 - 650.
    21. Bashkin, S. "The Orgin of the Elements", Stellar Structure, (Ed.: L.H.Aller and D.B. McLaughlin), University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1965, pp. 1 - 60.
    22. Wallerstein, G.: Mixing in Stars, Sci. 240, 1988, pp. 1743-1750.
    23. Iben,Jr., I.: Stellar Evolution Within and Off the Main-Sequence, Ann Rev. Astr. and Astrophys. 5, 1967, pp. 571 - 626.

    A review of the 'traditional' collapse can be found in:

    • Hayashi, C.: Evolution of Protostars, (1966) Ann. Rev. Astr. and Astrophys. 4, pp171-192.

    A comprehensive review of the problems involved in non-homologous collapse can be found in:

    • Larson, R.: Processes in Collapsing Interstellar clouds, Ann Rev Astr. Astrophys. Annual Reviews Inc. Palo Alto (1973) 11, Ed: L.Goldberg, D. Layzer, and J.Phillips pp219-238.

    An excellent classical description of the early phases of the contraction of protostars can be found in:

    • Bodenheimer, P.: Stellar Evolution Toward the Main Sequence, Rep. Prog. Phys. (1972) 35, pp1-54.

    A more recent description of the hydrodynamic problems of collapsing stars is contained in:

    • Tohline, J.E.: Hydrodynamic Collapse Fund. Cosmic Phys. (1982) 8, pp1-82.

    One of the best physical reviews of main-sequence evolution and the phases leading up to the red giant phases is still:

    • Schwarzschild, M.: Structure and Evolution of the Stars, Princeton University Press (1958) Chapters V,VI pp165-227.

    For the evolution of a normal 5Mυ star, the description by:

    • Iben,Jr., I.: Stellar Evolution Within and Off the Main-Sequence (1967) Ann Rev. Astr. and Astrophys. 5,pp.571-626,

    or

    • Iben,Jr., I.: "Normal Stellar Evolution" Stellar Evolution (1972) Ed: H-Y Chiu and A. Muriel MIT Press Cambridge and London pp1-106.

    is still regarded as basically correct. However, the broadest based and most contemporary survey of the results of stellar evolution calculations remains:

    • Cox, J.P., and Giuli, R.T.: Principles of Stellar Structure, (1968) Gordon and Breach, Science Pub., New York, London, Paris, Chapter 26 pp944-1028.

    An extremely literate presentation of the early theory of white dwarfs can be found in this fine review article by:

    • Mestel, L.: "The Theory of White Dwarfs", Stellar Structure (1965) (Ed. L.H. Aller and D.B. Mclaughlin) Stars and Stellar Systems vol. 5 (Gen. Ed: G.P.Kuiper and B.M. Middlehurst), University of Chicago Press, Chicago, London pp297-325.

    This page titled 5.8: References and Supplemental Reading was last modified on Mon, 09 Feb 2026 04:24:46 GMT and is shared under a Public Domain license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by George W. Collins II (Pachart Foundation) via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform.