Key Terms
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bonding
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connecting multiple electrical devices together with a conductor to make them have a common electric potential
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electric breakdown
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the condition when a sufficient electric field exists to enable an insulator to conduct charge
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electric potential
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potential energy per unit charge
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electric potential difference
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the change in potential energy of a charge q moved between two points, divided by the charge.
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electrophysiology
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branch of physiology that studies the electrical properties of cells and tissue
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equipotential curve
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two-dimensional representation of an equipotential surface
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equipotential surface
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surface (usually in three dimensions) on which all points are at the same potential
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Faraday cage
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an enclosure used for screening electric field from a region of space
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grounding
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process of attaching a conductor to the earth to ensure that there is no potential difference between it and Earth
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lightning rod
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a sharp-tipped conductor used to draw charge from the air and minimize the probability of a lightning strike
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screening
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the use of a cavity in a conductor to minimize or eliminate the electric field in the cavity
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Key Equations
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Potential difference between two points in terms of the integral of the dot product of the electric field with displacement along a path
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\(\displaystyle ΔV_{AB}=V_B−V_A=−∫^B_A\vec{E}⋅\vec{dl}\)
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Potential difference in a uniform electric field over a distance
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\(\displaystyle V_{AB} = Ed \)
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Electric field as gradient of potential
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\(\displaystyle \vec{E}=−\vec{∇}V\)
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Electric field components in Cartesian coordinates
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\(\displaystyle E_x=−\frac{∂V}{∂x},E_y=−\frac{∂V}{∂y},E_z=−\frac{∂V}{∂z}\)
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Del operator in Cartesian coordinates
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\(\displaystyle \vec{∇}=\hat{i}\frac{∂}{∂x}+\hat{j}\frac{∂}{∂y}+\hat{k}\frac{∂}{∂z}\)
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Electric field components in Cartesian coordinates
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\(\displaystyle E_x=−\frac{∂V}{∂x},E_y=−\frac{∂V}{∂y},E_z=−\frac{∂V}{∂z}\)
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Del operator in cylindrical coordinates
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\(\displaystyle \vec{∇}=\hat{r}\frac{∂}{∂r}+\hat{φ}\frac{1}{r}\frac{∂}{∂φ}+\hat{z}\frac{∂}{∂z}\)
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Del operator in spherical coordinates
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\(\displaystyle \vec{∇}=\hat{r}\frac{∂}{∂r}+\hat{θ}\frac{1}{r}\frac{∂}{∂θ}+\hat{φ}\frac{1}{r\sin\theta}\frac{∂}{∂φ}\)
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Summary
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The potential difference between points can be computed from the negative line integral of the electric field over a path between the two points.
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Just as we may calculate the negative integral over the electric field to calculate the potential difference, we may take the negative derivative of the potential to calculate the electric field.
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This may be done for individual components of the electric field, or we may calculate the entire electric field vector with the gradient operator.
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An equipotential surface is the collection of points in space that are all at the same potential. Equipotential lines are the two-dimensional representation of equipotential surfaces.
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Equipotential surfaces are always perpendicular to electric field lines.
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Conductors in static equilibrium are equipotential surfaces.
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The electric field is zero inside a conductor and, if charged, everywhere perpendicular to its surface.
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The electric potential is constant throughout a conductor.
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The electric field magnitude and surface charge density is inversely proportional to the radius of curvature of the surface.
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Grounding and bonding use conductors to maintain a constant potential throughout a set of connected devices.
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The Earth has a natural electric field that is directed toward the earth's surface.
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The human body has cells and tissues that use changes in electric potential to achieve their function. Muscles and nerves are examples.
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Lightning rods can draw current from the air and minimize the probability of lightning strikes.
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Screening of electric fields can be accomplished through the use of enclosed conductors (Faraday cage).
Contributors and Attributions
Samuel J. Ling (Truman State University), Jeff Sanny (Loyola Marymount University), and Bill Moebs with many contributing authors. This work is licensed by OpenStax University Physics under a
Creative Commons Attribution License (by 4.0)
.