Since the curvature tensors in 3+1 dimensions are complicated, let’s start by considering lower dimensions. The lowest interesting dimension is therefore two.
There are significant local differences in membrane curvature even within one single cell: plasma membranes, organelle membranes of Golgi, endosome and ER. Conformation of these semi-permeable phospho...There are significant local differences in membrane curvature even within one single cell: plasma membranes, organelle membranes of Golgi, endosome and ER. Conformation of these semi-permeable phospholipid bilayers are actively modulated by an interplay and interaction between lipids and proteins. It is essential for living organisms to regulate membrane curvatures since processes like endocytosis, exocytosis and tubulation depend on membrane dynamics to sustain life.
