Search
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Georgia_State_University/GSU-TM-Introductory_Physics_II_(1112)/12%3A__Nuclear_Physics/12.02%3A_Properties_of_NucleiThe atomic nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons. Protons and neutrons have approximately the same mass, but protons carry one unit of positive charge and neutrons carry no charge. These partic...The atomic nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons. Protons and neutrons have approximately the same mass, but protons carry one unit of positive charge and neutrons carry no charge. These particles are packed together into an extremely small space at the center of an atom. According to scattering experiments, the nucleus is spherical or ellipsoidal in shape, and about 1/100,000th the size of a hydrogen atom. Protons and neutrons within the nucleus are called nucleons.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/University_Physics_(OpenStax)/University_Physics_III_-_Optics_and_Modern_Physics_(OpenStax)/11%3A_Particle_Physics_and_Cosmology/11.02%3A_Introduction_to_Particle_PhysicsThe four fundamental forces of nature are, in order of strength: strong nuclear, electromagnetic, weak nuclear, and gravitational. Quarks interact via the strong force, but leptons do not. Both quark ...The four fundamental forces of nature are, in order of strength: strong nuclear, electromagnetic, weak nuclear, and gravitational. Quarks interact via the strong force, but leptons do not. Both quark and leptons interact via the electromagnetic, weak, and gravitational forces. Elementary particles are classified into fermions and boson. Fermions have half-integral spin and obey the exclusion principle. Bosons have integral spin and do not obey this principle.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/University_Physics_(OpenStax)/University_Physics_III_-_Optics_and_Modern_Physics_(OpenStax)/10%3A__Nuclear_Physics/10.02%3A_Properties_of_NucleiThe atomic nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons. Protons and neutrons have approximately the same mass, but protons carry one unit of positive charge and neutrons carry no charge. These partic...The atomic nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons. Protons and neutrons have approximately the same mass, but protons carry one unit of positive charge and neutrons carry no charge. These particles are packed together into an extremely small space at the center of an atom. According to scattering experiments, the nucleus is spherical or ellipsoidal in shape, and about 1/100,000th the size of a hydrogen atom. Protons and neutrons within the nucleus are called nucleons.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Georgia_State_University/GSU-TM-Physics_II_(2212)/12%3A__Nuclear_Physics/12.01%3A_Properties_of_NucleiFor large values of \(Z\), the number of neutrons is greater than the number of protons \((N > P)\) and the data points fall above the red line. The mass of an individual nucleus is often expressed in...For large values of \(Z\), the number of neutrons is greater than the number of protons \((N > P)\) and the data points fall above the red line. The mass of an individual nucleus is often expressed in atomic mass units (u), where \(u = 1.66054 \times 10^{-27} kg\). (An atomic mass unit is defined as 1/12th the mass of a \(^{12}C\) nucleus.) In atomic mass units, the mass of a helium nucleus (A = 4) is approximately 4 u.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Prince_Georges_Community_College/General_Physics_I%3A_Classical_Mechanics/64%3A_The_Standard_Model/64.03%3A_ForcesSome physicists believe that it may be possible to show that all four forces (including gravity) are aspects of a single underlying force, and covered by a theory called the "Theory of Everything". Su...Some physicists believe that it may be possible to show that all four forces (including gravity) are aspects of a single underlying force, and covered by a theory called the "Theory of Everything". Such a theory (which is essentially a grand unified theory plus gravity) has not yet been found, nor is it known whether such a theory even exists.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Nuclear_and_Particle_Physics/Nuclear_and_Particle_Physics_(Walet)/06%3A_The_Four_Fundamental_Forces/6.05%3A_Strong_Nuclear_ForceThe strong force is what keeps nuclei together. It is described by a theory called quantum chromodynamics (QCD), which described the forces between fermions called quarks that make up the hadrons. The...The strong force is what keeps nuclei together. It is described by a theory called quantum chromodynamics (QCD), which described the forces between fermions called quarks that make up the hadrons. These forces are mediated by spin-1 bosons called gluons.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/Radically_Modern_Introductory_Physics_Text_II_(Raymond)/20%3A_The_Standard_Model/20.02%3A_Quantum_ChromodynamicsThe charge is specified as a fraction of the proton charge, the rest energy is in MeV, and the mean life (1.44 multiplied by the half life) is in seconds. As it is, each of the quarks in the delta++ t...The charge is specified as a fraction of the proton charge, the rest energy is in MeV, and the mean life (1.44 multiplied by the half life) is in seconds. As it is, each of the quarks in the delta++ takes on a different value of the color quantum number (red, green, or blue), which means that the Pauli exclusion principle does not prevent them from all from residing in the ground state.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Prince_Georges_Community_College/General_Physics_I%3A_Classical_Mechanics/15%3A_Force/15.01%3A_The_Four_Forces_of_NatureWhen you push on something with your hand, for example, you are not really in direct contact with it: the outermost electrons of the atoms at the surface of the object are being electrically repelled ...When you push on something with your hand, for example, you are not really in direct contact with it: the outermost electrons of the atoms at the surface of the object are being electrically repelled by the outermost electrons in the atoms at the surface of your hand.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Modern_Physics/Spiral_Modern_Physics_(D'Alessandris)/7%3A_Nuclear_Physics/7.1%3A_The_Simplified_Nuclear_Potential_WellThe nucleus is held together by the strong force. The strong force is a short range (~1 fm), very strong (~100 times stronger than the electromagnetic force), attractive force that acts between proton...The nucleus is held together by the strong force. The strong force is a short range (~1 fm), very strong (~100 times stronger than the electromagnetic force), attractive force that acts between protons and neutrons. Rather than focus of the force, we will focus on the potential energy well associated with this force. Conveniently, this potential well is, to a reasonable approximation, a finite three-dimensional square well.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Bowdoin_College/Phys1140%3A_Introductory_Physics_II%3A_Part_2/07%3A__Nuclear_Physics/7.02%3A_Properties_of_NucleiThe atomic nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons. Protons and neutrons have approximately the same mass, but protons carry one unit of positive charge and neutrons carry no charge. These partic...The atomic nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons. Protons and neutrons have approximately the same mass, but protons carry one unit of positive charge and neutrons carry no charge. These particles are packed together into an extremely small space at the center of an atom. According to scattering experiments, the nucleus is spherical or ellipsoidal in shape, and about 1/100,000th the size of a hydrogen atom. Protons and neutrons within the nucleus are called nucleons.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Nuclear_and_Particle_Physics/Nuclear_and_Particle_Physics_(Walet)/03%3A_Nuclear_Masses/3.06%3A_Properties_of_Nuclear_StatesNuclei are quantum systems, and as such must be described by a quantum Hamiltonian. Fortunately nuclear energies are much smaller than masses, so that a description in terms of non-relativistic quantu...Nuclei are quantum systems, and as such must be described by a quantum Hamiltonian. Fortunately nuclear energies are much smaller than masses, so that a description in terms of non-relativistic quantum mechanics is possible. Such a description is not totally trivial since we have to deal with quantum systems containing many particles. Rather then solving such complicated systems, we often resort to models.
