They may be readily calculated for usual atoms and molecules, at not very high temperatures (say the room temperature of ∼25 meV), because in these conditions, ε′k>>T for most...They may be readily calculated for usual atoms and molecules, at not very high temperatures (say the room temperature of ∼25 meV), because in these conditions, ε′k>>T for most their internal degrees of freedom, including the electronic and vibrational ones. (The typical energy of the lowest electronic excitations is of the order of a few eV, and that of the lowest vibrational excitations is only an order of magnitude lower.) As a result, these degrees of freedom are “fr…
