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9.1.6: Molecular Model of a Dielectric
https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Joliet_Junior_College/PHYS202_-_JJC_-_Testing/09%3A_Chapter_9/9.01%3A_Capacitance/9.1.06%3A_Molecular_Model_of_a_Dielectric
All molecules can be classified as either polar or nonpolar. There is a net separation of positive and negative charges in an isolated polar molecule, whereas there is no charge separation in an isola...All molecules can be classified as either polar or nonpolar. There is a net separation of positive and negative charges in an isolated polar molecule, whereas there is no charge separation in an isolated nonpolar molecule. In other words, polar molecules have permanent electric-dipole moments and nonpolar molecules do not. Nonpolar molecules can become polar in the presence of an external electrical field, which is called induced polarization.
5: Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium
https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Joliet_Junior_College/PHYS202_-_JJC_-_Testing/06%3A_Gauss's_Law/05%3A_Conductors_in_Electrostatic_Equilibrium
The electric field inside a conductor vanishes. Any excess charge placed on a conductor resides entirely on the surface of the conductor. The electric field is perpendicular to the surface of a conduc...The electric field inside a conductor vanishes. Any excess charge placed on a conductor resides entirely on the surface of the conductor. The electric field is perpendicular to the surface of a conductor everywhere on that surface. The magnitude of the electric field just above the surface of a conductor is given by $E = \frac{\sigma}{\epsilon_0}$ .
3.2: Conductors, Insulators, and Charging by Induction
https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Georgia_State_University/GSU-TM-Physics_II_(2212)/03%3A_Electrostatics_-_Charges_Forces_and_Fields/3.02%3A_Conductors_Insulators_and_Charging_by_Induction
Figure $\PageIndex{4}$ : Charging by induction. (a) Two uncharged or neutral metal spheres are in contact with each other but insulated from the rest of the world. (b) A positively charged glass rod ...Figure $\PageIndex{4}$ : Charging by induction. (a) Two uncharged or neutral metal spheres are in contact with each other but insulated from the rest of the world. (b) A positively charged glass rod is brought near the sphere on the left, attracting negative charge and leaving the other sphere positively charged. (c) The spheres are separated before the rod is removed, thus separating negative and positive charges. (d) The spheres retain net charges after the inducing rod is removed—without ev…
3.9: Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium
https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Georgia_State_University/GSU-TM-Physics_II_(2212)/03%3A_Electrostatics_-_Charges_Forces_and_Fields/3.09%3A_Conductors_in_Electrostatic_Equilibrium
The only rule obeyed is that when the equilibrium has been reached, the charge distribution in a conductor is such that the electric field by the charge distribution in the conductor cancels the elect...The only rule obeyed is that when the equilibrium has been reached, the charge distribution in a conductor is such that the electric field by the charge distribution in the conductor cancels the electric field of the external charges at all space points inside the body of the conductor.
2.2: Electromagnetic Waves in the Time Domain
https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Electricity_and_Magnetism/Electromagnetics_and_Applications_(Staelin)/02%3A_Introduction_to_Electrodynamics/2.02%3A_Electromagnetic_waves_in_the_time_domain
Perhaps the greatest triumph of Maxwell’s equations was their ability to predict in a simple way the existence and velocity of electromagnetic waves based on simple laboratory measurements of the perm...Perhaps the greatest triumph of Maxwell’s equations was their ability to predict in a simple way the existence and velocity of electromagnetic waves based on simple laboratory measurements of the permittivity and permeability of vacuum.
9.6: Wave Polarization
https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Berea_College/Electromagnetics_I/09%3A_Plane_Waves_in_Loseless_Media/9.06%3A_Wave_Polarization
Polarization refers to the orientation of the electric field vector. For waves, the term “polarization” refers specifically to the orientation of this vector with increasing distance along the directi...Polarization refers to the orientation of the electric field vector. For waves, the term “polarization” refers specifically to the orientation of this vector with increasing distance along the direction of propagation, or, equivalently, the orientation of this vector with increasing time at a fixed point in space. The relevant concepts are readily demonstrated for uniform plane waves, as shown in this section.
3.3: Conductors and Insulators
https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Georgia_State_University/GSU-TM-Introductory_Physics_II_(1112)/03%3A_Electric_Charge_and_Electric_Field/3.03%3A_Conductors_and_Insulators
Figure $\PageIndex{3}$ : Charging by induction. (a) Two uncharged or neutral metal spheres are in contact with each other but insulated from the rest of the world. (b) A positively charged glass rod ...Figure $\PageIndex{3}$ : Charging by induction. (a) Two uncharged or neutral metal spheres are in contact with each other but insulated from the rest of the world. (b) A positively charged glass rod is brought near the sphere on the left, attracting negative charge and leaving the other sphere positively charged. (c) The spheres are separated before the rod is removed, thus separating negative and positive charge. (d) The spheres retain net charges after the inducing rod is removed—without eve…
2.5: Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium
https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Muhlenberg_College/Physics_122%3A_General_Physics_II_(Collett)/02%3A_Gauss's_Law/2.05%3A_Conductors_in_Electrostatic_Equilibrium
The electric field inside a conductor vanishes. Any excess charge placed on a conductor resides entirely on the surface of the conductor. The electric field is perpendicular to the surface of a conduc...The electric field inside a conductor vanishes. Any excess charge placed on a conductor resides entirely on the surface of the conductor. The electric field is perpendicular to the surface of a conductor everywhere on that surface. The magnitude of the electric field just above the surface of a conductor is given by $E = \frac{\sigma}{\epsilon_0}$ .
1.3: Conductors, Insulators, and Charging by Induction
https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Muhlenberg_College/Physics_122%3A_General_Physics_II_(Collett)/01%3A_Electric_Charges_and_Fields/1.03%3A_Conductors_Insulators_and_Charging_by_Induction
In the preceding section, we said that scientists were able to create electric charge only on nonmetallic materials and never on metals. To understand why this is the case, you have to understand more...In the preceding section, we said that scientists were able to create electric charge only on nonmetallic materials and never on metals. To understand why this is the case, you have to understand more about the nature and structure of atoms. In this section, we discuss how and why electric charges do—or do not—move through materials. A more complete description is given in a later chapter.
9.4: Polarization
https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Georgia_State_University/GSU-TM-Introductory_Physics_II_(1112)/09%3A_Electromagnetic_Waves/9.04%3A_Polarization
Figure $\PageIndex{5}$ : The effect of rotating two polarizing filters, where the first polarizes the light. (a) All of the polarized light is passed by the second polarizing filter, because its axis...Figure $\PageIndex{5}$ : The effect of rotating two polarizing filters, where the first polarizes the light. (a) All of the polarized light is passed by the second polarizing filter, because its axis is parallel to the first. (b) As the second filter is rotated, only part of the light is passed. (c) When the second filter is perpendicular to the first, no light is passed. (d) In this photograph, a polarizing filter is placed above two others.
12.2: Electromagnetic Waves
https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Waves_and_Acoustics/The_Physics_of_Waves_(Goergi)/12%3A_Polarization/12.02%3A_Electromagnetic_Waves
The components, $\psi_{1}$ and $\psi_{2}$ go into the the two-dimensional vector, (12.3), that describes the polarization state of the electromagnetic wave, just as it describes the polarization s...The components, $\psi_{1}$ and $\psi_{2}$ go into the the two-dimensional vector, (12.3), that describes the polarization state of the electromagnetic wave, just as it describes the polarization state of the string. This is related to the fact that the circularly polarized states carry the maximum angular momentum possible, which in turn is related to the quantum mechanical property of the spin of the photon.

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