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- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Coalinga_College/Physical_Science_for_Educators_(CID%3A_PHYS_14)/07%3A_Solutions_Acids_and_Bases_pH/7.10%3A_Acid-Base_Properties_of_Salt_SolutionsA salt can dissolve in water to produce a neutral, a basic, or an acidic solution, depending on whether it contains the conjugate base of a weak acid as the anion ( A−A− ), the conjugate acid of a wea...A salt can dissolve in water to produce a neutral, a basic, or an acidic solution, depending on whether it contains the conjugate base of a weak acid as the anion ( A−A− ), the conjugate acid of a weak base as the cation ( BH+ ), or both. Salts that contain small, highly charged metal ions produce acidic solutions in water. The reaction of a salt with water to produce an acidic or a basic solution is called a hydrolysis reaction.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Coalinga_College/Physical_Science_for_Educators_(CID%3A_PHYS_14)/04%3A_Phases_and_Classification_of_Matter/4.09%3A_Intermolecular_ForcesMolecules in liquids are held to other molecules by intermolecular interactions, which are weaker than the intramolecular interactions that hold molecules and polyatomic ions together. The three major...Molecules in liquids are held to other molecules by intermolecular interactions, which are weaker than the intramolecular interactions that hold molecules and polyatomic ions together. The three major types of intermolecular interactions are dipole–dipole interactions, London dispersion forces (these two are often referred to collectively as van der Waals forces), and hydrogen bonds.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Coalinga_College/Physical_Science_for_Educators_(CID%3A_PHYS_14)/05%3A_Density_Mole_and_Molarity/5.10%3A_MolaritySolutions are homogeneous mixtures. Many solutions contain one component, called the solvent, in which other components, called solutes, are dissolved. An aqueous solution is one for which the solvent...Solutions are homogeneous mixtures. Many solutions contain one component, called the solvent, in which other components, called solutes, are dissolved. An aqueous solution is one for which the solvent is water. The concentration of a solution is a measure of the relative amount of solute in a given amount of solution. Concentrations may be measured using various units, with one very useful unit being molarity, defined as the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Coalinga_College/Physical_Science_for_Educators_(CID%3A_PHYS_14)/07%3A_Solutions_Acids_and_Bases_pH/7.06%3A_Arrhenius_Acids_and_BasesAcids are very common in some of the foods that we eat. Citrus fruits such as oranges and lemons contain citric acid and ascorbic acid, which is better known as vitamin C (see figure below). Carbonate...Acids are very common in some of the foods that we eat. Citrus fruits such as oranges and lemons contain citric acid and ascorbic acid, which is better known as vitamin C (see figure below). Carbonated sodas contain phosphoric acid. Vinegar contains acetic acid. Your own stomach utilizes hydrochloric acid to digest food. Bases are less common as foods, but they are nonetheless present in many household products.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Coalinga_College/Physical_Science_for_Educators_(CID%3A_PHYS_14)/04%3A_Phases_and_Classification_of_Matter/4.10%3A_ExercisesThese are homework exercises to accompany the Textmap created for "Chemistry" by OpenStax.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Coalinga_College/Physical_Science_for_Educators_(CID%3A_PHYS_14)/07%3A_Solutions_Acids_and_Bases_pH/7.01%3A_Introduction_and_Learning_ObjectivesUnderstanding solutions, acids, bases, and pH is crucial for grasping the fundamental principles of chemistry, forming the bedrock of many chemical processes and having wide-ranging applications in bo...Understanding solutions, acids, bases, and pH is crucial for grasping the fundamental principles of chemistry, forming the bedrock of many chemical processes and having wide-ranging applications in both scientific research and everyday life. Solutions are homogeneous mixtures where solutes are uniformly distributed within solvents, and their solubility is influenced by factors such as temperature, pressure, and the nature of the solute and solvent.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Coalinga_College/Physical_Science_for_Educators_(CID%3A_PHYS_14)/15%3A_Electromagnetic_Radiation/15.02%3A_Electromagnetic_Waves_Overview/15.2.01%3A_Electromagnetic_Wave_PropertiesProperties of electromagnetic waves and associated concepts.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Electricity_and_Magnetism/Electromagnetics_and_Applications_(Staelin)/10%3A_Antennas_and_Radiation/10.01%3A_Radiation_from_charges_and_currentsThis page provides an overview of antenna interaction with electromagnetic waves and electric fields from static charges. It covers characteristics of antennas, computation of static electric potentia...This page provides an overview of antenna interaction with electromagnetic waves and electric fields from static charges. It covers characteristics of antennas, computation of static electric potential from charge distributions, and magnetic fields from static currents. The text delves into the derivation of Helmholtz equations from electromagnetic theory, discussing vector fields, their divergence, and the relation of potentials to source distributions.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Coalinga_College/Physical_Science_for_Educators_(CID%3A_PHYS_14)/07%3A_Solutions_Acids_and_Bases_pH/7.02%3A_The_Dissolution_ProcessA solution forms when two or more substances combine physically to yield a mixture that is homogeneous at the molecular level. The solvent is the most concentrated component and determines the physica...A solution forms when two or more substances combine physically to yield a mixture that is homogeneous at the molecular level. The solvent is the most concentrated component and determines the physical state of the solution. The solutes are the other components typically present at concentrations less than that of the solvent. Solutions may form endothermically or exothermically, depending upon the relative magnitudes of solute and solvent intermolecular attractive forces.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Coalinga_College/Physical_Science_for_Educators_(CID%3A_PHYS_14)/08%3A_Energy_Physics_and_Chemistry/8.05%3A_Chemistry_in_PhysicsChemists are unique because they understand or explain everything, even the subjects studied by physicists, in terms of the properties of just over 100 kinds of atoms found in all matter, and the amaz...Chemists are unique because they understand or explain everything, even the subjects studied by physicists, in terms of the properties of just over 100 kinds of atoms found in all matter, and the amazing variety of molecules that are created by forming and breaking bonds between atoms.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Coalinga_College/Physical_Science_for_Educators_(CID%3A_PHYS_14)/04%3A_Phases_and_Classification_of_Matter/4.05%3A_Colligative_PropertiesProperties of a solution that depend only on the concentration of solute particles are called colligative properties. They include changes in the vapor pressure, boiling point, and freezing point of t...Properties of a solution that depend only on the concentration of solute particles are called colligative properties. They include changes in the vapor pressure, boiling point, and freezing point of the solvent in the solution. The magnitudes of these properties depend only on the total concentration of solute particles in solution, not on the type of particles. The total concentration of solute particles in a solution also determines its osmotic pressure.
