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- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/College_Physics/College_Physics_1e_(OpenStax)/33%3A_Particle_Physics/33.05%3A_Quarks_-_Is_That_All_There_IsQuarks have been mentioned at various points in this text as fundamental building blocks and members of the exclusive club of truly elementary particles. Note that an elementary or fundamental particl...Quarks have been mentioned at various points in this text as fundamental building blocks and members of the exclusive club of truly elementary particles. Note that an elementary or fundamental particle has no substructure (it is not made of other particles) and has no finite size other than its wavelength. This does not mean that fundamental particles are stable—some decay, while others do not. Keep in mind that all leptons seem to be fundamental, whereas no hadrons are fundamental.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/University_Physics_(OpenStax)/University_Physics_III_-_Optics_and_Modern_Physics_(OpenStax)/11%3A_Particle_Physics_and_Cosmology/11.06%3A_The_Standard_ModelThe Standard Model describes interactions between particles through the strong nuclear, electromagnetic, and weak nuclear forces. Particle interactions are represented by Feynman diagrams. A Feynman d...The Standard Model describes interactions between particles through the strong nuclear, electromagnetic, and weak nuclear forces. Particle interactions are represented by Feynman diagrams. A Feynman diagram represents interactions between particles on a space-time graph. Electromagnetic forces act over a long range, but strong and weak forces act over a short range. These forces are transmitted between particles by sending and receiving bosons.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Nuclear_and_Particle_Physics/Nuclear_and_Particle_Physics_(Walet)/06%3A_The_Four_Fundamental_Forces/6.05%3A_Strong_Nuclear_ForceThe strong force is what keeps nuclei together. It is described by a theory called quantum chromodynamics (QCD), which described the forces between fermions called quarks that make up the hadrons. The...The strong force is what keeps nuclei together. It is described by a theory called quantum chromodynamics (QCD), which described the forces between fermions called quarks that make up the hadrons. These forces are mediated by spin-1 bosons called gluons.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Nuclear_and_Particle_Physics/Nuclear_and_Particle_Physics_(Walet)/01%3A_A_History_of_Particle_Physics/1.09%3A_The_sub-structure_of_the_nucleon_(Quantum_Chromodynamics)Since it was found (in 1962) that electrons and muons are each accompanied by their own neutrino, it is proposed to organise the quarks in multiplets as well: \[\begin{array}{lll} e & \nu_{e} & (u,d)\...Since it was found (in 1962) that electrons and muons are each accompanied by their own neutrino, it is proposed to organise the quarks in multiplets as well: \[\begin{array}{lll} e & \nu_{e} & (u,d)\\ \mu & \nu_{\mu} & (s,c) \end{array} \nonumber \] This requires a fourth quark, which is called charm. It is shown that even though quarks and gluons (the building blocks of the theory) exist, they cannot be created as free particles.
