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    • https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Quantum_Mechanics/Advanced_Quantum_Mechanics_(Kok)/09%3A_New_Page/9.3%3A_An_Atom_in_a_Cavity
      The atom interacts with an electromagnetic wave, and the interaction is approximately the coupling between the dipole moment \(\hat{\mathbf{d}}\) associated with the \(|g\rangle \leftrightarrow|e\rang...The atom interacts with an electromagnetic wave, and the interaction is approximately the coupling between the dipole moment \(\hat{\mathbf{d}}\) associated with the \(|g\rangle \leftrightarrow|e\rangle\) transition and the electric field E, leading to the interaction Hamiltonian \[H_{\mathrm{int}}=g|e\rangle\langle g|\left(\hat{a} e^{-i \omega t}+\hat{a}^{\dagger} e^{i \omega t}\right)+g^{*}| g\rangle\langle e|\left(\hat{a} e^{-i \omega t}+\hat{a}^{\dagger} e^{i \omega t}\right).\tag{9.45}\]

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