The atom interacts with an electromagnetic wave, and the interaction is approximately the coupling between the dipole moment ˆd associated with the \(|g\rangle \leftrightarrow|e\rang...The atom interacts with an electromagnetic wave, and the interaction is approximately the coupling between the dipole moment ˆd associated with the |g⟩↔|e⟩ transition and the electric field E, leading to the interaction Hamiltonian Hint=g|e⟩⟨g|(ˆae−iωt+ˆa†eiωt)+g∗|g⟩⟨e|(ˆae−iωt+ˆa†eiωt).
