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- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Astronomy__Cosmology/Introduction_to_Astronomy_(Lumen)/08%3A_The_Gas_Giant_Planets/8.12%3A_Gas_Giant_Planets_and_Select_Satellites_OverviewsHydrogen (H 2 ), Helium (H e ), Methane (CH 4 ), Ammonia (NH 3 ), Water (H 2 O) Many of these hot Jupiters are much closer to their star than our Gas Giant planets and dwarf Jupiter in size. And it is...Hydrogen (H 2 ), Helium (H e ), Methane (CH 4 ), Ammonia (NH 3 ), Water (H 2 O) Many of these hot Jupiters are much closer to their star than our Gas Giant planets and dwarf Jupiter in size. And it is theorized that some of these so-called “Super Jupiters” might be failed stars, that is, not quite enough mass for the nuclear fusion process. Nuclear fusion is where two particles collide at high speed and form a particle of a higher mass and a lot of energy.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Astronomy__Cosmology/Introduction_to_Astronomy_(Lumen)/15%3A_Cosmology/15.01%3A_Module_Introduction“The scientific issues that engage people most are the truly fundamental ones: is the universe infinite? Everyone is flummoxed by such questions, so there is, in a sense, no gulf between experts and t...“The scientific issues that engage people most are the truly fundamental ones: is the universe infinite? Everyone is flummoxed by such questions, so there is, in a sense, no gulf between experts and the rest. ” This module presents an overview of our home galaxy, the Milky Way Galaxy, its characteristics, satellite galaxies, and how it compares to other galaxies. Upon completion of this module, the student will be able to:Upon completion of this module, the student will be able to:
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Astronomy__Cosmology/Introduction_to_Astronomy_(Lumen)/09%3A_Minor_Bodies_of_the_Solar_System/9.01%3A_Module_IntroductionThis module explores the minor bodies of the solar system: asteroids, comets, and dwarf planets, as well as meteors and meteorites. Upon completion of this module, the student will be able to:Upon com...This module explores the minor bodies of the solar system: asteroids, comets, and dwarf planets, as well as meteors and meteorites. Upon completion of this module, the student will be able to:Upon completion of this module, the student will be able to: List the characteristics of asteroids, including Near-Earth Asteroids (NEOs) and Potentially-Hazardous Asteroids (PHAs) List the characteristics of the Trans-Neptunian objects, Kuiper Belt and the Oort Cloud
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Astronomy__Cosmology/Introduction_to_Astronomy_(Lumen)/15%3A_Cosmology/15.13%3A_Religious_or_Philosophical_CosmologySome texts and writings use the term “creation” when discussing the Big Bang Theory, as well as alternate theories. Yet is creation an appropriate term? The act of creating or causing to exist. Specif...Some texts and writings use the term “creation” when discussing the Big Bang Theory, as well as alternate theories. Yet is creation an appropriate term? The act of creating or causing to exist. Specifically, the act of bringing the Universe or this world into existence. Works such as art, music… American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Ed. Copyright © 2000 Creation: Making something. The bringing of something into existence. Encarta® Dictionary; English Copyright © 2010
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Astronomy__Cosmology/Introduction_to_Astronomy_(Lumen)/02%3A_Historical_Astronomy/2.09%3A_The_Birth_of_Modern_AstronomyPublic Domain | Image courtesy of Pixabay. com. The Copernican Revolution was based on the works of four men — Copernicus, Brahe, Kepler, and Galileo. Nicolaus (or Nicolas) Copernicus was a Polish ast...Public Domain | Image courtesy of Pixabay. com. The Copernican Revolution was based on the works of four men — Copernicus, Brahe, Kepler, and Galileo. Nicolaus (or Nicolas) Copernicus was a Polish astronomer who believed there were too many errors in the Ptolemaic Geocentric Universe. Copernicus noted, as did some others, that Ptolemy’s “retrograde” was too complicated. So Copernicus developed a Sun-Centered Solar System, that is, a Heliocentric Solar System.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Astronomy__Cosmology/Introduction_to_Astronomy_(Lumen)/02%3A_Historical_Astronomy/2.08%3A_Astronomy_and_AstrologyAstronomy is the scientific examination of the Universe, whereas Astrology attempts to predict one’s future due to the positions of specific celestial bodies. Yes, for example, the Sun and the seasons...Astronomy is the scientific examination of the Universe, whereas Astrology attempts to predict one’s future due to the positions of specific celestial bodies. Yes, for example, the Sun and the seasons, daylight, the Moon and tides, asteroids, and comets affect us on Earth. Astrology today is based primarily on the influence of the planets on individual lives. Sun-Sign Astrology is the most-popular form; this is based on the Sun’s position in the sky relative to background stars.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Astronomy__Cosmology/Introduction_to_Astronomy_(Lumen)/12%3A_Stellar_Evolution/12.14%3A_High-Mass_Star_Stellar_EndingsYet if the star is part of a binary system, the star will continue accreting material, jetting energy into space until all of the stellar fuel is exhausted. There is a discussion among astronomers how...Yet if the star is part of a binary system, the star will continue accreting material, jetting energy into space until all of the stellar fuel is exhausted. There is a discussion among astronomers how massive of a star is needed to form a black hole; ranges from >3 M sun to 25 M sun . Black holes originate as the high-mass star’s iron core collapses, just prior to the star going Supernova.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Astronomy__Cosmology/Introduction_to_Astronomy_(Lumen)/09%3A_Minor_Bodies_of_the_Solar_System/9.06%3A_AsteroidsThe asteroids are a group of the solar system’s minor bodies that are much like the Rocky Planets in composition: carbon-rich, silicate materials (rock), and/or metal. At this time, some 625,000 aster...The asteroids are a group of the solar system’s minor bodies that are much like the Rocky Planets in composition: carbon-rich, silicate materials (rock), and/or metal. At this time, some 625,000 asteroids have been identified, and astronomers are finding new asteroids all of the time. Most of the asteroids orbit between Mars and Jupiter, an area called the asteroid belt. Ceres is 950 kilometers or 590 miles in diameter, and makes up a third of the mass of the asteroid belt.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Astronomy__Cosmology/Introduction_to_Astronomy_(Lumen)/02%3A_Historical_Astronomy/2.11%3A_Observations_of_the_Heavens-_GalileoHe was the first to see such wonders as sunspots, which he described as blemishes on the Sun, and features on the Moon like Mare —seas or bodies of water. Galileo was held on house arrest by the Churc...He was the first to see such wonders as sunspots, which he described as blemishes on the Sun, and features on the Moon like Mare —seas or bodies of water. Galileo was held on house arrest by the Church and made to recant his theory of a Heliocentric Sun-centered Solar System. Galileo’s right hand middle finger was removed after his death and is on display in the Science Museum of Florence, along with some of his telescopes.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Astronomy__Cosmology/Introduction_to_Astronomy_(Lumen)/06%3A_Solar_System_Formation_and_Other_Stellar_Systems/6.12%3A_Some_Interesting_ExoplanetsThe Gliese 581 System is a red dwarf star with a mass about 1/3 that of the Sun. It comes so close to its star, at its perihelion point HD80606b would have a surface temperature of 1,200oC. Wasp-12b’s...The Gliese 581 System is a red dwarf star with a mass about 1/3 that of the Sun. It comes so close to its star, at its perihelion point HD80606b would have a surface temperature of 1,200oC. Wasp-12b’s surface temperature is estimated to be 1,500oC, and it is slowly being eaten by its star. Many biologists and astronomers believe that you have to have the right type of star, as well as the right type of planet, and the right distance from its star for intelligent life.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Astronomy__Cosmology/Introduction_to_Astronomy_(Lumen)/15%3A_Cosmology/15.04%3A_Physical_CosmologyThe Big Bang is a theory of the Universe’s earliest moments and its development over time. The Big Bang presumes that the Universe began from an incredibly small, hot, dense collection of all matter a...The Big Bang is a theory of the Universe’s earliest moments and its development over time. The Big Bang presumes that the Universe began from an incredibly small, hot, dense collection of all matter and radiation. English astronomer Sir Fred Hoyle is credited with creating the phrase Big Bang during a 1949 British Broadcasting Company (BBC) radio broadcast. The phrase stuck, even though it is not a good descriptor of what the Big Bang tries to detail.
