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- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Bowdoin_College/Phys1140%3A_Introductory_Physics_II%3A_Part_2/01%3A_The_Nature_of_Light/1.07%3A_Huygenss_Principlesome phenomena require analysis and explanations based on the wave characteristics of light. This is particularly true when the wavelength is not negligible compared to the dimensions of an optical de...some phenomena require analysis and explanations based on the wave characteristics of light. This is particularly true when the wavelength is not negligible compared to the dimensions of an optical device, such as a slit in the case of diffraction. Huygens’s principle is an indispensable tool for this analysis. For example, according to Huygens’s principle, every point on a wave front is a source of wavelets that spread out in the forward direction at the same speed as the wave itself.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Bowdoin_College/Phys1140%3A_Introductory_Physics_II%3A_Part_2/02%3A_Geometric_Optics_and_Image_Formation/2.05%3A_Thin_LensesTwo types of lenses are possible: converging and diverging. A lens that causes light rays to bend toward (away from) its optical axis is a converging (diverging) lens. By the end of this section, you ...Two types of lenses are possible: converging and diverging. A lens that causes light rays to bend toward (away from) its optical axis is a converging (diverging) lens. By the end of this section, you will be able to use ray diagrams to locate and describe the image formed by a lens and employ the thin-lens equation to describe and locate the image formed by a lens.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Bowdoin_College/Phys1140%3A_Introductory_Physics_II%3A_Part_2/04%3A_Diffraction/4.07%3A_X-Ray_DiffractionSince X-ray photons are very energetic, they have relatively short wavelengths. Thus, typical X-ray photons act like rays when they encounter macroscopic objects, like teeth, and produce sharp shadows...Since X-ray photons are very energetic, they have relatively short wavelengths. Thus, typical X-ray photons act like rays when they encounter macroscopic objects, like teeth, and produce sharp shadows. However, since atoms are on the order of 0.1 nm in size, X-rays can be used to detect the location, shape, and size of atoms and molecules. The process is called X-ray diffraction, and it involves the interference of X-rays to produce patterns.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Bowdoin_College/Phys1140%3A_Introductory_Physics_II%3A_Part_2/06%3A_Quantum_Mechanics/6.05%3A_The_Quantum_Particle_in_a_BoxIn this section, we apply Schrӧdinger’s equation to a particle bound to a one-dimensional box. This special case provides lessons for understanding quantum mechanics in more complex systems. The energ...In this section, we apply Schrӧdinger’s equation to a particle bound to a one-dimensional box. This special case provides lessons for understanding quantum mechanics in more complex systems. The energy of the particle is quantized as a consequence of a standing wave condition inside the box.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Georgia_State_University/GSU-TM-Physics_II_(2212)/11%3A_Physical_Optics/11.E%3A_Interference_(Exercises)Determine what happens to the double-slit interference pattern if one of the slits is covered with a thin, transparent film whose thickness is λ/[2(n−1)]λ/[2(n−1)], where λλ is the wavelength of the i...Determine what happens to the double-slit interference pattern if one of the slits is covered with a thin, transparent film whose thickness is λ/[2(n−1)]λ/[2(n−1)], where λλ is the wavelength of the incident light and n is the index of refraction of the film.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Georgia_State_University/GSU-TM-Introductory_Physics_II_(1112)/10%3A_Geometrical_Optics/10.A%3A_The_Nature_of_Light_(Answers)If one knows the distance to the location of the lightning and the speed of sound, one could, in principle, determine the speed of light from the data. The figure is illustration of the formation of t...If one knows the distance to the location of the lightning and the speed of sound, one could, in principle, determine the speed of light from the data. The figure is illustration of the formation of the image of a leg under water, as seen by a viewer in the air above the water. Extrapolating the refracted ray back into the water, the extrapolated ray is above the actual ray so that the image of the leg is above the actual leg and the leg appears shorter.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Georgia_State_University/GSU-TM-Introductory_Physics_II_(1112)/10%3A_Geometrical_Optics/10.09%3A_Images_Formed_by_Plane_MirrorsRepeating this process for point P′ gives the image point Q′. The image height is thus the same as the object height, the image is upright, and the object distance d o is the same as the image distanc...Repeating this process for point P′ gives the image point Q′. The image height is thus the same as the object height, the image is upright, and the object distance d o is the same as the image distance d i . (credit: modification of work by Kevin Dufendach) This means that the distance \(PB\) from the object to the mirror is the same as the distance \(BQ\) from the mirror to the image.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Georgia_State_University/GSU-TM-Introductory_Physics_II_(1112)/11%3A_Physical_OpticsThe most certain indication of a wave is interference. This wave characteristic is most prominent when the wave interacts with an object that is not large compared with the wavelength. Interference is...The most certain indication of a wave is interference. This wave characteristic is most prominent when the wave interacts with an object that is not large compared with the wavelength. Interference is observed for water waves, sound waves, light waves, and, in fact, all types of waves.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Georgia_State_University/GSU-TM-Introductory_Physics_II_(1112)/11%3A_Physical_Optics/11.10%3A_Diffraction_GratingsA diffraction grating consists of a large number of evenly spaced parallel slits that produce an interference pattern similar to but sharper than that of a double slit. Constructive interference o...A diffraction grating consists of a large number of evenly spaced parallel slits that produce an interference pattern similar to but sharper than that of a double slit. Constructive interference occurs when \(d \space sin \space \theta = m \lambda\) form = 0, ± 1, ±2,..., where d is the distance between the slits, θ is the angle relative to the incident direction, and m is the order of the interference.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Georgia_State_University/GSU-TM-Introductory_Physics_II_(1112)/12%3A__Nuclear_PhysicsIn this chapter, we study the composition and properties of the atomic nucleus. The nucleus lies at the center of an atom, and consists of protons and neutrons. A deep understanding of the nucleus lea...In this chapter, we study the composition and properties of the atomic nucleus. The nucleus lies at the center of an atom, and consists of protons and neutrons. A deep understanding of the nucleus leads to numerous valuable technologies, including devices to date ancient rocks, map the galactic arms of the Milky Way, and generate electrical power.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Georgia_State_University/GSU-TM-Introductory_Physics_II_(1112)/10%3A_Geometrical_Optics/10.15%3A_Microscopes_and_TelescopesTo do so, we take the ratio of the angle \(\theta_{image}\) subtended by the image to the angle \(\theta_{object}\) subtended by the object at the near point of the eye (this is the closest that the u...To do so, we take the ratio of the angle \(\theta_{image}\) subtended by the image to the angle \(\theta_{object}\) subtended by the object at the near point of the eye (this is the closest that the unaided eye can view the object, and thus this is the position where the object will form the largest image on the retina of the unaided eye).
