We will introduce particle models of matter to explain thermal properties across phases. Using the atomic hypothesis and the spring-mass model, atoms and molecules are viewed as oscillators with force...We will introduce particle models of matter to explain thermal properties across phases. Using the atomic hypothesis and the spring-mass model, atoms and molecules are viewed as oscillators with forces defining equilibrium, addressing melting points, heat capacities, and bond strengths. Quantum mechanics refines understanding, especially for energy discrepancies in specific heats at low temperatures. These models will help explain and predict properties, building on prior energy concepts.
