We introduce the Particle Model of Matter, focusing on interactions between neutral atoms and molecules. Using the Lennard-Jones potential, we describe how particles attract at moderate distances and ...We introduce the Particle Model of Matter, focusing on interactions between neutral atoms and molecules. Using the Lennard-Jones potential, we describe how particles attract at moderate distances and repel when too close. Key concepts include equilibrium separation, binding energy, and oscillation about equilibrium. These interactions form the basis for understanding phases, as bound particles form solids or liquids, while unbound particles form gases at higher energies.
