The measured wavelength, λ, of a line is measured by an observer far away from the white dwarf, λ0 is the unshifted wavelength, R is the radius of the white dwarf, and M is its mass. ...The measured wavelength, λ, of a line is measured by an observer far away from the white dwarf, λ0 is the unshifted wavelength, R is the radius of the white dwarf, and M is its mass. G and c are the gravitational constant and speed of light, respectively. If we are considering a planet orbiting the Sun, then M is the mass of the Sun, m is the mass of the planet, and R is the size of the planet’s orbit.
