The measured wavelength, \(λ\), of a line is measured by an observer far away from the white dwarf, \(λ_0\) is the unshifted wavelength, \(R\) is the radius of the white dwarf, and \(M\) is its mass. ...The measured wavelength, \(λ\), of a line is measured by an observer far away from the white dwarf, \(λ_0\) is the unshifted wavelength, \(R\) is the radius of the white dwarf, and \(M\) is its mass. \(G\) and \(c\) are the gravitational constant and speed of light, respectively. If we are considering a planet orbiting the Sun, then M is the mass of the Sun, m is the mass of the planet, and R is the size of the planet’s orbit.
