8: Time-Varying Fields
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- 8.1: Comparison of Static and Time-Varying Electromagnetics
- Maxwell’s Equations in the general (time-varying) case include extra terms that do not appear in the equations describing electrostatics and magnetostatics. These terms involve time derivatives of fields and describe coupling between electric and magnetic fields.
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- 8.2: Electromagnetic Induction
- When an electrically-conducting structure is exposed to a time-varying magnetic field, an electrical potential difference is induced across the structure. This phenomenon is known as electromagnetic induction. A convenient introduction to electromagnetic induction is provided by Lenz’s Law. This section explains electromagnetic induction in the context of Lenz’s Law and provides two examples.
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- 8.4: Induction in a Motionless Loop
- In this section, we consider the problem with a single motionless loop of wire in the presence of a spatially-uniform but time-varying magnetic field. A small gap is introduced in the loop, allowing us to measure the induced potential VT . Additionally, a resistance R is connected across VT in order to allow a current to flow. This problem was considered as an introduction to Faraday’s Law; in this section, we shall actually work the problem and calculate some values.
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- 8.5: Transformers - Principle of Operation
- A transformer is a device that connects two electrical circuits through a shared magnetic field. Transformers are used in impedance transformation, voltage level conversion, circuit isolation, conversion between single-ended and differential signal modes, and other applications.1 The underlying electromagnetic principle is Faraday’s Law – in particular, transformer emf.
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- 8.7: The Electric Generator
- A generator is a device that transforms mechanical energy into electrical energy, typically by electromagnetic induction via Faraday’s Law. For example, a generator might consist of a gasoline engine that turns a crankshaft to which is attached a system of coils and/or magnets. This rotation changes the relative orientations of the coils with respect to the magnetic field in a time-varying manner, resulting in a time-varying magnetic flux and subsequently induced electric potential.
Contributors and Attributions
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Ellingson, Steven W. (2018) Electromagnetics, Vol. 1. Blacksburg, VA: VT Publishing. https://doi.org/10.21061/electromagnetics-vol-1 Licensed with CC BY-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 . Report adoption of this book here . If you are a professor reviewing, adopting, or adapting this textbook please help us understand a little more about your use by filling out this form.