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- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Coalinga_College/Physical_Science_for_Educators_(CID%3A_PHYS_14)/06%3A_Physical_and_Chemical_Reactions/6.05%3A_Writing_and_Balancing_Chemical_EquationsChemical equations are symbolic representations of chemical and physical changes. Formulas for the substances undergoing the change (reactants) and substances generated by the change (products) are se...Chemical equations are symbolic representations of chemical and physical changes. Formulas for the substances undergoing the change (reactants) and substances generated by the change (products) are separated by an arrow and preceded by integer coefficients indicating their relative numbers. Balanced equations are those whose coefficients result in equal numbers of atoms for each element in the reactants and products.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Coalinga_College/Physical_Science_for_Educators_(CID%3A_PHYS_14)/05%3A_Density_Mole_and_Molarity/5.06%3A_Formula_Mass_and_the_Mole_ConceptThe formula mass of a substance is the sum of the average atomic masses of each atom represented in the chemical formula and is expressed in atomic mass units. The formula mass of a covalent compound ...The formula mass of a substance is the sum of the average atomic masses of each atom represented in the chemical formula and is expressed in atomic mass units. The formula mass of a covalent compound is also called the molecular mass. A convenient amount unit for expressing very large numbers of atoms or molecules is the mole. Experimental measurements have determined the number of entities composing 1 mole of substance to be \(6.022 \times 10^{23}\), a quantity called Avogadro’s number.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Coalinga_College/Physical_Science_for_Educators_(CID%3A_PHYS_14)/07%3A_Solutions_Acids_and_Bases_pH/7.12%3A_Relative_Strengths_of_Acids_and_BasesThe strengths of Brønsted-Lowry acids and bases in aqueous solutions can be determined by their acid or base ionization constants. Stronger acids form weaker conjugate bases, and weaker acids form str...The strengths of Brønsted-Lowry acids and bases in aqueous solutions can be determined by their acid or base ionization constants. Stronger acids form weaker conjugate bases, and weaker acids form stronger conjugate bases. Thus strong acids are completely ionized in aqueous solution because their conjugate bases are weaker bases than water. Weak acids are only partially ionized because their conjugate bases are compete successfully with water for possession of protons.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Coalinga_College/Physical_Science_for_Educators_(CID%3A_PHYS_14)/03%3A_Atomic_Theory_and_Periodic_Table/3.03%3A_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_(Electron_Configurations)The relative energy of the subshells determine the order in which atomic orbitals are filled. Electron configurations and orbital diagrams can be determined by applying the Pauli exclusion principle (...The relative energy of the subshells determine the order in which atomic orbitals are filled. Electron configurations and orbital diagrams can be determined by applying the Pauli exclusion principle (no two electrons can have the same set of four quantum numbers) and Hund’s rule (whenever possible, electrons retain unpaired spins in degenerate orbitals). Electrons in the outermost orbitals, called valence electrons, are responsible for most of the chemical behavior of elements.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Coalinga_College/Physical_Science_for_Educators_(CID%3A_PHYS_14)/06%3A_Physical_and_Chemical_Reactions/6.08%3A_Factors_Affecting_Reaction_RatesThe rate of a chemical reaction is affected by several parameters. Reactions involving two phases proceed more rapidly when there is greater surface area contact. If temperature or reactant concentrat...The rate of a chemical reaction is affected by several parameters. Reactions involving two phases proceed more rapidly when there is greater surface area contact. If temperature or reactant concentration is increased, the rate of a given reaction generally increases as well. A catalyst can increase the rate of a reaction by providing an alternative pathway that causes the activation energy of the reaction to decrease.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Coalinga_College/Physical_Science_for_Educators_(CID%3A_PHYS_14)/05%3A_Density_Mole_and_Molarity/5.05%3A_Colligative_Propertieswhere P A is the partial pressure exerted by component A in the solution, \(P^\circ_\ce{A}\) is the vapor pressure of pure A, and X A is the mole fraction of A in the solution. (Mole fraction is a con...where P A is the partial pressure exerted by component A in the solution, \(P^\circ_\ce{A}\) is the vapor pressure of pure A, and X A is the mole fraction of A in the solution. (Mole fraction is a concentration unit introduced in the chapter on gases.)
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Fresno_City_College/NATSCI-1A%3A_Natural_Science_for_Educators_Fresno_City_College_(CID%3A_PHYS_140)/21%3A_Physical_and_Chemical_Reactions/21.08%3A_Factors_Affecting_Reaction_RatesThe rate of a chemical reaction is affected by several parameters. Reactions involving two phases proceed more rapidly when there is greater surface area contact. If temperature or reactant concentrat...The rate of a chemical reaction is affected by several parameters. Reactions involving two phases proceed more rapidly when there is greater surface area contact. If temperature or reactant concentration is increased, the rate of a given reaction generally increases as well. A catalyst can increase the rate of a reaction by providing an alternative pathway that causes the activation energy of the reaction to decrease.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Kettering_University/Electricity_and_Magnetism_with_Applications_to_Amateur_Radio_and_Wireless_Technology/12%3A_Antenna_Systems/12.07%3A_Antenna_Systems_(Summary)a wave, such as an electromagnetic wave, which oscillates perpendicular to the axis along the line of travel Since the electric and magnetic fields in most electromagnetic waves are perpendicular to t...a wave, such as an electromagnetic wave, which oscillates perpendicular to the axis along the line of travel Since the electric and magnetic fields in most electromagnetic waves are perpendicular to the direction in which the wave moves, it is ordinarily a transverse wave. The strengths of the electric and magnetic parts of the wave are related by \[\frac{E}{B} = c, \nonumber\] which implies that the magnetic field \(B\) is very weak relative to the electric field \(E\).
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Coalinga_College/Physical_Science_for_Educators_(CID%3A_PHYS_14)/04%3A_Phases_and_Classification_of_Matter/4.08%3A_ColloidsColloids are mixtures in which one or more substances are dispersed as relatively large solid particles or liquid droplets throughout a solid, liquid, or gaseous medium. The particles of a colloid rem...Colloids are mixtures in which one or more substances are dispersed as relatively large solid particles or liquid droplets throughout a solid, liquid, or gaseous medium. The particles of a colloid remain dispersed and do not settle due to gravity, and they are often electrically charged. Colloids are widespread in nature and are involved in many technological applications.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Coalinga_College/Physical_Science_for_Educators_(CID%3A_PHYS_14)/04%3A_Phases_and_Classification_of_Matter/4.11%3A_ExercisesThese are homework exercises to accompany the Textmap created for "Chemistry" by OpenStax. Complementary General Chemistry question banks can be found for other Textmaps and can be accessed here. In a...These are homework exercises to accompany the Textmap created for "Chemistry" by OpenStax. Complementary General Chemistry question banks can be found for other Textmaps and can be accessed here. In addition to these publicly available questions, access to private problems bank for use in exams and homework is available to faculty only on an individual basis; please contact Delmar Larsen for an account with access permission.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Coalinga_College/Physical_Science_for_Educators_(CID%3A_PHYS_14)/05%3A_Density_Mole_and_Molarity/5.07%3A_Determining_Empirical_and_Molecular_FormulasThe chemical identity of a substance is defined by the types and relative numbers of atoms composing its fundamental entities (molecules in the case of covalent compounds, ions in the case of ionic co...The chemical identity of a substance is defined by the types and relative numbers of atoms composing its fundamental entities (molecules in the case of covalent compounds, ions in the case of ionic compounds). A compound’s percent composition provides the mass percentage of each element in the compound, and it is often experimentally determined and used to derive the compound’s empirical formula.
