If we take the dot product of \(\mathbf{g}\) and \(\hat{\mathbf{n}}\) at that square, multiply by the area of the square \(d A\), then sum up all of those products for all the squares making up surfac...If we take the dot product of \(\mathbf{g}\) and \(\hat{\mathbf{n}}\) at that square, multiply by the area of the square \(d A\), then sum up all of those products for all the squares making up surface \(S\), then the result will be \(-4 \pi G\) times the total mass enclosed by \(S\).
