If we take the dot product of g and ˆn at that square, multiply by the area of the square dA, then sum up all of those products for all the squares making up surfac...If we take the dot product of g and ˆn at that square, multiply by the area of the square dA, then sum up all of those products for all the squares making up surface S, then the result will be −4πG times the total mass enclosed by S.
