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- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Coalinga_College/Physical_Science_for_Educators_(CID%3A_PHYS_14)/03%3A_Atomic_Theory_and_Periodic_Table/3.02%3A_Atoms_and_the_Periodic_Table/3.2.07%3A_Atomic_Mass_and_Atomic_NumberAtoms are the fundamental building blocks of all matter and are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Because atoms are electrically neutral, the number of positively charged protons must be e...Atoms are the fundamental building blocks of all matter and are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Because atoms are electrically neutral, the number of positively charged protons must be equal to the number of negatively charged electrons. Since neutrons do not affect the charge, the number of neutrons is not dependent on the number of protons and will vary even among atoms of the same element.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Coalinga_College/Physical_Science_for_Educators_(CID%3A_PHYS_14)/05%3A_Density_Mole_and_Molarity/5.02%3A_DensityDensity is a physical property that is defined as a substance’s mass divided by its volume. Density is usually a measured property of a substance, so its numerical value affects the significant figure...Density is a physical property that is defined as a substance’s mass divided by its volume. Density is usually a measured property of a substance, so its numerical value affects the significant figures in a calculation. Notice that density is defined in terms of two dissimilar units, mass and volume. That means that density overall has derived units, just like velocity.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Coalinga_College/Physical_Science_for_Educators_(CID%3A_PHYS_14)/07%3A_Solutions_Acids_and_Bases_pH/7.12%3A_Relative_Strengths_of_Acids_and_BasesThe strengths of Brønsted-Lowry acids and bases in aqueous solutions can be determined by their acid or base ionization constants. Stronger acids form weaker conjugate bases, and weaker acids form str...The strengths of Brønsted-Lowry acids and bases in aqueous solutions can be determined by their acid or base ionization constants. Stronger acids form weaker conjugate bases, and weaker acids form stronger conjugate bases. Thus strong acids are completely ionized in aqueous solution because their conjugate bases are weaker bases than water. Weak acids are only partially ionized because their conjugate bases are compete successfully with water for possession of protons.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Workbench/NATSCI-1A/PHYSC-11_Text_(FCC)/21%3A_Physical_and_Chemical_Reactions/21.08%3A_Factors_Affecting_Reaction_RatesThe rate of a chemical reaction is affected by several parameters. Reactions involving two phases proceed more rapidly when there is greater surface area contact. If temperature or reactant concentrat...The rate of a chemical reaction is affected by several parameters. Reactions involving two phases proceed more rapidly when there is greater surface area contact. If temperature or reactant concentration is increased, the rate of a given reaction generally increases as well. A catalyst can increase the rate of a reaction by providing an alternative pathway that causes the activation energy of the reaction to decrease.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Workbench/NATSCI-1A/PHYSC-11_Text_(FCC)/17%3A_Phases_and_Classification_of_Matter/17.08%3A_End_of_Chapter_Key_TermsSolid: A state of matter characterized by a definite shape and volume, with particles closely packed in a fixed arrangement. Boiling Point: The temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas throughou...Solid: A state of matter characterized by a definite shape and volume, with particles closely packed in a fixed arrangement. Boiling Point: The temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas throughout the liquid, occurring at a specific temperature and pressure. Alloy: A mixture of metals or a mixture of a metal and another element, designed to have specific properties.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Workbench/NATSCI-1A/PHYSC-11_Text_(FCC)/20%3A_Density_Mole_and_Molarity/20.06%3A_Mole-Mass_and_Mass-Mass_CalculationsMole quantities of one substance can be related to mass quantities using a balanced chemical equation. Mass quantities of one substance can be related to mass quantities using a balanced chemical equa...Mole quantities of one substance can be related to mass quantities using a balanced chemical equation. Mass quantities of one substance can be related to mass quantities using a balanced chemical equation. In all cases, quantities of a substance must be converted to moles before the balanced chemical equation can be used to convert to moles of another substance.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Workbench/NATSCI-1A/PHYSC-11_Text_(FCC)/02%3A_Units_Measurement_Graphing_and_Calculation/2.06%3A_Measurement/2.6.09%3A_Dimensional_AnalysisDimensional analysis is used in numerical calculations, and in converting units. It can help us identify whether an equation is set up correctly (i.e. the resulting units should be as expected). Units...Dimensional analysis is used in numerical calculations, and in converting units. It can help us identify whether an equation is set up correctly (i.e. the resulting units should be as expected). Units are treated similarly to the associated numerical values, i.e., if a variable in an equation is supposed to be squared, then the associated dimensions are squared, etc.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Coalinga_College/Physical_Science_for_Educators_(CID%3A_PHYS_14)/07%3A_Solutions_Acids_and_Bases_pH
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Coalinga_College/Physical_Science_for_Educators_(CID%3A_PHYS_14)/06%3A_Physical_and_Chemical_Reactions/6.08%3A_Factors_Affecting_Reaction_RatesThe rate of a chemical reaction is affected by several parameters. Reactions involving two phases proceed more rapidly when there is greater surface area contact. If temperature or reactant concentrat...The rate of a chemical reaction is affected by several parameters. Reactions involving two phases proceed more rapidly when there is greater surface area contact. If temperature or reactant concentration is increased, the rate of a given reaction generally increases as well. A catalyst can increase the rate of a reaction by providing an alternative pathway that causes the activation energy of the reaction to decrease.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Coalinga_College/Physical_Science_for_Educators_(CID%3A_PHYS_14)/06%3A_Physical_and_Chemical_Reactions/6.06%3A_Types_of_Chemical_ReactionsA precipitate forms in a double-replacement reaction when the cations from one of the reactants combine with the anions from the other reactant to form an insoluble ionic compound. Figure 10.6.3: When...A precipitate forms in a double-replacement reaction when the cations from one of the reactants combine with the anions from the other reactant to form an insoluble ionic compound. Figure 10.6.3: When a few drops of lead (II) nitrate are added to a solution of potassium iodide, a yellow precipitate of lead (II) iodide immediately forms in a double-replacement reaction. A combustion reaction is a reaction in which a substance reacts with oxygen gas, releasing energy in the form of light and heat.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Coalinga_College/Physical_Science_for_Educators_(CID%3A_PHYS_14)/03%3A_Atomic_Theory_and_Periodic_Table/3.02%3A_Atoms_and_the_Periodic_Table/3.2.08%3A_IsotopesIsotopes are atoms of the same element that differ in the amount of neutrons and atomic mass. Almost all elements on the periodic table have at least two different natural isotopes. Many elements have...Isotopes are atoms of the same element that differ in the amount of neutrons and atomic mass. Almost all elements on the periodic table have at least two different natural isotopes. Many elements have synthetic isotopic forms that have been made by nuclear chemists and/or physicists. Chemically, isotopes appear to be the same. For example, the two most abundant forms of uranium look physically the same and react to other materials in a similar manner.
