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2.6: Net Flux and Exitance
https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Astronomy__Cosmology/Planetary_Photometry_(Tatum_and_Fairbairn)/02%3A_Albedo/2.06%3A_Net_Flux_and_Exitance
The factor $\sin \vartheta d \vartheta d \varphi$ is an element of solid angle, dω, and the factor $\cos \vartheta$ is needed to convert the projected area of radiance back into physical area. \...The factor $\sin \vartheta d \vartheta d \varphi$ is an element of solid angle, dω, and the factor $\cos \vartheta$ is needed to convert the projected area of radiance back into physical area. $\begin{array}{l} \pi F & = \int_0^{2 \pi} \int_0^{2 \pi} L ( \vartheta,~ \varphi ) \sin \vartheta \cos \vartheta d \vartheta d \varphi \\ ~ & = \int_0^{2 \pi} \int_{-1}^1 L ( ( \mu,~ \varphi ) \mu d \mu d \varphi \end{array}$

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