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- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Coalinga_College/Physical_Science_for_Educators_(CID%3A_PHYS_14)/08%3A_Energy_Physics_and_Chemistry/8.03%3A_Thermochemical_Equations/8.3.02%3A_Environment-_GasA better estimate may be the Lower Heating Value (LHV) which is adjusted by adding the heat of vaporization of water, and heat required to raise the temperature of reactants to the combustion temperat...A better estimate may be the Lower Heating Value (LHV) which is adjusted by adding the heat of vaporization of water, and heat required to raise the temperature of reactants to the combustion temperature and products to 150 o C (an arbitrarily chosen standard). This is still different from the LHV because of the heat required to change the temperature of the reactants and products from the standard temperature (25 o C) to the combustion temperature.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Joliet_Junior_College/Physics_201_-_Fall_2019/Book%3A_Physics_(Boundless)/13%3A_Thermodynamics/13.1%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/Thermodynamic_SystemsA thermodynamic system includes anything whose thermodynamic properties are of interest. It is embedded in its surroundings or environment; it can exchange heat with, and do work on, its environment t...A thermodynamic system includes anything whose thermodynamic properties are of interest. It is embedded in its surroundings or environment; it can exchange heat with, and do work on, its environment through a boundary, which is the imagined wall that separates the system and the environment. In reality, the immediate surroundings of the system are interacting with it directly and therefore have a much stronger influence on its behavior and properties.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Workbench/PH_245_Textbook_V2/07%3A_Module_6_-_Thermodynamics/7.02%3A_Objective_6.b./7.2.01%3A_Thermodynamic_SystemsA thermodynamic system includes anything whose thermodynamic properties are of interest. It is embedded in its surroundings or environment; it can exchange heat with, and do work on, its environment t...A thermodynamic system includes anything whose thermodynamic properties are of interest. It is embedded in its surroundings or environment; it can exchange heat with, and do work on, its environment through a boundary, which is the imagined wall that separates the system and the environment. In reality, the immediate surroundings of the system are interacting with it directly and therefore have a much stronger influence on its behavior and properties.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Georgia_State_University/GSU-TM-Physics_I_(2211)/12%3A_Temperature_and_Heat/12.11%3A_Thermodynamic_SystemsFor example, if we are studying a car engine, the burning gasoline inside the cylinder of the engine is the thermodynamic system; the piston, exhaust system, radiator, and air outside form the surroun...For example, if we are studying a car engine, the burning gasoline inside the cylinder of the engine is the thermodynamic system; the piston, exhaust system, radiator, and air outside form the surroundings of the system. The zeroth law of thermodynamics is equally applicable to the different parts of a closed system and requires that the temperature everywhere inside the system be the same if the system has reached a thermal equilibrium.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/University_Physics_(OpenStax)/University_Physics_II_-_Thermodynamics_Electricity_and_Magnetism_(OpenStax)/03%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/3.02%3A_Thermodynamic_SystemsA thermodynamic system includes anything whose thermodynamic properties are of interest. It is embedded in its surroundings or environment; it can exchange heat with, and do work on, its environment t...A thermodynamic system includes anything whose thermodynamic properties are of interest. It is embedded in its surroundings or environment; it can exchange heat with, and do work on, its environment through a boundary, which is the imagined wall that separates the system and the environment. In reality, the immediate surroundings of the system are interacting with it directly and therefore have a much stronger influence on its behavior and properties.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Joliet_Junior_College/Physics_201_-_Fall_2019v2/Book%3A_Custom_Physics_textbook_for_JJC/14%3A_Thermodynamics/14.02%3A_Thermodynamic_SystemsA thermodynamic system includes anything whose thermodynamic properties are of interest. It is embedded in its surroundings or environment; it can exchange heat with, and do work on, its environment t...A thermodynamic system includes anything whose thermodynamic properties are of interest. It is embedded in its surroundings or environment; it can exchange heat with, and do work on, its environment through a boundary, which is the imagined wall that separates the system and the environment. In reality, the immediate surroundings of the system are interacting with it directly and therefore have a much stronger influence on its behavior and properties.
