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- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/University_Physics_(OpenStax)/University_Physics_II_-_Thermodynamics_Electricity_and_Magnetism_(OpenStax)/12%3A_Sources_of_Magnetic_Fields/12.08%3A_Magnetism_in_MatterWhy are certain materials magnetic and others not? And why do certain substances become magnetized by a field, whereas others are unaffected? To answer such questions, we need an understanding of magn...Why are certain materials magnetic and others not? And why do certain substances become magnetized by a field, whereas others are unaffected? To answer such questions, we need an understanding of magnetism on a microscopic level. Within an atom, every electron travels in an orbit and spins on an internal axis. Both types of motion produce current loops and therefore magnetic dipoles. For a particular atom, the net magnetic dipole moment is the vector sum of the magnetic dipole moments.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Muhlenberg_College/Physics_122%3A_General_Physics_II_(Collett)/08%3A_Sources_of_Magnetic_Fields/8.08%3A_Magnetism_in_MatterWhy are certain materials magnetic and others not? And why do certain substances become magnetized by a field, whereas others are unaffected? To answer such questions, we need an understanding of magn...Why are certain materials magnetic and others not? And why do certain substances become magnetized by a field, whereas others are unaffected? To answer such questions, we need an understanding of magnetism on a microscopic level. Within an atom, every electron travels in an orbit and spins on an internal axis. Both types of motion produce current loops and therefore magnetic dipoles. For a particular atom, the net magnetic dipole moment is the vector sum of the magnetic dipole moments.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics/Essential_Graduate_Physics_-_Statistical_Mechanics_(Likharev)/04%3A_Phase_Transitions/4.05%3A_Ising_model_-_Exact_and_numerical_resultsthe difference between the thermodynamic potentials \(F\) and \(G \equiv F + PV\) in the usual “\(P-V\) thermodynamics”. Hence, the free energy \(F\) given by Equation (\ref{89}) may be understood as ...the difference between the thermodynamic potentials \(F\) and \(G \equiv F + PV\) in the usual “\(P-V\) thermodynamics”. Hence, the free energy \(F\) given by Equation (\ref{89}) may be understood as the Gibbs energy of the Ising system in the external field, and the equilibrium value of the order parameter may be found from the last of Eqs. (\(1.4.16\)) with the replacements \(–P \rightarrow h, V \rightarrow N\eta \):
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Kettering_University/Electricity_and_Magnetism_with_Applications_to_Amateur_Radio_and_Wireless_Technology/08%3A_The_Magnetic_Field/8.09%3A_Magnetism_in_MatterWhy are certain materials magnetic and others not? And why do certain substances become magnetized by a field, whereas others are unaffected? To answer such questions, we need an understanding of magn...Why are certain materials magnetic and others not? And why do certain substances become magnetized by a field, whereas others are unaffected? To answer such questions, we need an understanding of magnetism on a microscopic level. Within an atom, every electron travels in an orbit and spins on an internal axis. Both types of motion produce current loops and therefore magnetic dipoles. For a particular atom, the net magnetic dipole moment is the vector sum of the magnetic dipole moments.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Grand_Rapids_Community_College/PH246_Calculus_Physics_II_(2025)/08%3A_Sources_of_Magnetic_Fields/8.06%3A_Magnetism_in_MatterWhy are certain materials magnetic and others not? And why do certain substances become magnetized by a field, whereas others are unaffected? To answer such questions, we need an understanding of magn...Why are certain materials magnetic and others not? And why do certain substances become magnetized by a field, whereas others are unaffected? To answer such questions, we need an understanding of magnetism on a microscopic level. Within an atom, every electron travels in an orbit and spins on an internal axis. Both types of motion produce current loops and therefore magnetic dipoles. For a particular atom, the net magnetic dipole moment is the vector sum of the magnetic dipole moments.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Georgia_State_University/GSU-TM-Physics_II_(2212)/06%3A_Sources_of_Magnetism_Magnetic_Forces_and_Fields/6.13%3A_Magnetism_in_MatterThe arrows represent the orientations of the magnetic dipoles within the domains. (b) In an applied magnetic field, the domains align somewhat with the field. (c) The domains of a single crystal of ni...The arrows represent the orientations of the magnetic dipoles within the domains. (b) In an applied magnetic field, the domains align somewhat with the field. (c) The domains of a single crystal of nickel.
