The system is then mapped back onto the original area by cutting and restacking, which we can call a ‘fold’. The inverse transformation is accomplished by stretching first in the vertical (p) dire...The system is then mapped back onto the original area by cutting and restacking, which we can call a ‘fold’. The inverse transformation is accomplished by stretching first in the vertical (p) direction and squashing in the horizontal (q) direction, followed by a slicing and restacking.