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- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Astronomy__Cosmology/Celestial_Mechanics_(Tatum)/08%3A_Planetary_Motions/8.04%3A_Direct_and_Retrograde_Motion_and_Stationary_PointsIf the reader carries out the same analysis for inferior planets, he or she will find that Equations ??? to ??? apply equally well, except that, in the case of inferior planets...If the reader carries out the same analysis for inferior planets, he or she will find that Equations ??? to ??? apply equally well, except that, in the case of inferior planets (and inferior asteroids, such as the Aten group, of which more are likely to be discovered in the coming years) the angle ε is the angular distance or elongation of the planet from the Sun rather than from the opposition point, and 35^\circ 16^\prime is the greatest value this may have for…
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Prince_Georges_Community_College/Introduction_to_Astronomy_(2025)/01%3A_An_Introduction_to_Astronomy/1.03%3A_Observing_the_Sky_-_The_Birth_of_Astronomy/1.3.03%3A_Ancient_AstronomyAncient Greeks such as Aristotle recognized that Earth and the Moon are spheres, and understood the phases of the Moon, but because of their inability to detect stellar parallax, they rejected the ide...Ancient Greeks such as Aristotle recognized that Earth and the Moon are spheres, and understood the phases of the Moon, but because of their inability to detect stellar parallax, they rejected the idea that Earth moves. Eratosthenes measured the size of Earth with surprising precision. Hipparchus carried out many astronomical observations, making a star catalog, defining the system of stellar magnitudes, and discovering precession from the shift in the position of the north celestial pole
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Astronomy__Cosmology/Celestial_Mechanics_(Tatum)/17%3A_Visual_Binary_Stars/17.03%3A_The_Elements_of_the_True_OrbitThis may be a valid view, but, as the late Professor Joad might have said, it all depends on what you mean by “inclination”. As with the orbits of planets around the Sun, as described in Chapter 10, S...This may be a valid view, but, as the late Professor Joad might have said, it all depends on what you mean by “inclination”. As with the orbits of planets around the Sun, as described in Chapter 10, Section 10.2, we take the point of view here that the inclination of the orbital plane to the plane of the sky is an angle that lies between 0^\circ and 180^\circ inclusive; that is to say, the inclination is positive, and the question of its sign does not arise.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Astronomy__Cosmology/Astronomy_2e_(OpenStax)/02%3A_Observing_the_Sky_-_The_Birth_of_Astronomy/2.03%3A_Ancient_AstronomyAncient Greeks such as Aristotle recognized that Earth and the Moon are spheres, and understood the phases of the Moon, but because of their inability to detect stellar parallax, they rejected the ide...Ancient Greeks such as Aristotle recognized that Earth and the Moon are spheres, and understood the phases of the Moon, but because of their inability to detect stellar parallax, they rejected the idea that Earth moves. Eratosthenes measured the size of Earth with surprising precision. Hipparchus carried out many astronomical observations, making a star catalog, defining the system of stellar magnitudes, and discovering precession from the shift in the position of the north celestial pole
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Grossmont_College/ASTR_110%3A_Astronomy_(Fitzgerald)/02%3A_History_of_Astronomy/2.01%3A_Ancient_AstronomyAncient Greeks such as Aristotle recognized that Earth and the Moon are spheres, and understood the phases of the Moon, but because of their inability to detect stellar parallax, they rejected the ide...Ancient Greeks such as Aristotle recognized that Earth and the Moon are spheres, and understood the phases of the Moon, but because of their inability to detect stellar parallax, they rejected the idea that Earth moves. Eratosthenes measured the size of Earth with surprising precision. Hipparchus carried out many astronomical observations, making a star catalog, defining the system of stellar magnitudes, and discovering precession from the shift in the position of the north celestial pole
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Astronomy__Cosmology/Astronomy_1e_(OpenStax)/02%3A_Observing_the_Sky_-_The_Birth_of_Astronomy/2.02%3A_Ancient_AstronomyAncient Greeks such as Aristotle recognized that Earth and the Moon are spheres, and understood the phases of the Moon, but because of their inability to detect stellar parallax, they rejected the ide...Ancient Greeks such as Aristotle recognized that Earth and the Moon are spheres, and understood the phases of the Moon, but because of their inability to detect stellar parallax, they rejected the idea that Earth moves. Eratosthenes measured the size of Earth with surprising precision. Hipparchus carried out many astronomical observations, making a star catalog, defining the system of stellar magnitudes, and discovering precession from the shift in the position of the north celestial pole
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Astronomy__Cosmology/Introduction_to_Astronomy_(Lumen)/02%3A_Historical_Astronomy/2.06%3A_Claudius_PtolemyThis page discusses Claudius Ptolemy's Geocentric Solar System model from 100-170 AD, which positioned Earth as the center and used epicycles to explain retrograde motion. Although incorrect, this inf...This page discusses Claudius Ptolemy's Geocentric Solar System model from 100-170 AD, which positioned Earth as the center and used epicycles to explain retrograde motion. Although incorrect, this influential view dominated for 1,500 years and appeared in the "Almagest." Retrograde motion was attributed to differing planet speeds. The model was widely accepted as both Scientific and Church Law until evidence eventually challenged its validity.
