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- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Nuclear_and_Particle_Physics/Nuclear_and_Particle_Physics_(Walet)/08%3A_Symmetries_of_the_theory_of_strong_interactions/8.04%3A__SU(4)%2C_SU(5)%2C_and_SU(6)_flavor_symmetriesOnce we have three flavors of quarks, we can ask the question whether more flavors exists. At the moment we know of three generations of quarks, corresponding to three generations (pairs).
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Nuclear_and_Particle_Physics/Nuclear_and_Particle_Physics_(Walet)/07%3A_Symmetries_and_Particle_Physics/7.06%3A_CP_ViolationThe first experimental confirmation of symmetry breaking was found when studying the β− decay of Co-60.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Nuclear_and_Particle_Physics/Nuclear_and_Particle_Physics_(Walet)/01%3A_A_History_of_Particle_Physics/1.11%3A_GUTS_Supersymmetry_and_SupergravityIt might already be getting some signals: researchers at DESY see a new signal in a region of particle that are 200 GeV heavy – it might be noise, but it could well be significant! There are several i...It might already be getting some signals: researchers at DESY see a new signal in a region of particle that are 200 GeV heavy – it might be noise, but it could well be significant! There are several ideas floating around: one is the grand-unified theory, where we try to combine all the disparate forces in nature in one big theoretical frame.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Nuclear_and_Particle_Physics/Nuclear_and_Particle_Physics_(Walet)/09%3A_Relativistic_KinematicsEinstein’s idea of the equivalence between mass and energy plays an extremely fundamental role in this field of physics. In order for this to be possible we typically need processes that occur at veloc...Einstein’s idea of the equivalence between mass and energy plays an extremely fundamental role in this field of physics. In order for this to be possible we typically need processes that occur at velocities near the light velocity c , so that the kinematics of these processes requires relativity. In this chapter we shall succinctly introduce the few necessary concepts of relativistic kinematics.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Nuclear_and_Particle_Physics/Nuclear_and_Particle_Physics_(Walet)/08%3A_Symmetries_of_the_theory_of_strong_interactions/8.06%3A_The_Feynman_Diagrams_of_Quantum_Chromodynamics_(QCD)Quarks interact more strongly the further they are apart, and more weakly as they are close by – asymptotic freedom. It means that free quarks can’t be seen, but at high energies quarks look more and ...Quarks interact more strongly the further they are apart, and more weakly as they are close by – asymptotic freedom. It means that free quarks can’t be seen, but at high energies quarks look more and more like free particles. The gluon comes in 8 colour combinations (since it carries a colour and anti-colour index, minus the scalar combination). The relevant diagrams are sketches in Figure \PageIndex1. Figure \PageIndex1: The basic building blocks for QCD Feynman diagrams
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Nuclear_and_Particle_Physics/Nuclear_and_Particle_Physics_(Walet)/01%3A_A_History_of_Particle_Physics/1.12%3A_Extraterrestrial_Particle_PhysicsOne of the problems is that it is difficult to see how e can actually build a microscope that can look a a small enough scale, i.e., how we can build an accelerator that will be able to accelerate par...One of the problems is that it is difficult to see how e can actually build a microscope that can look a a small enough scale, i.e., how we can build an accelerator that will be able to accelerate particles to high enough energies? The answer is simple – and has been more or less the same through the years: Look at the cosmos. Processes on an astrophysical scale can have amazing energies.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Nuclear_and_Particle_Physics/Nuclear_and_Particle_Physics_(Walet)/03%3A_Nuclear_Masses/3.01%3A_Experimental_FactsEach nucleus has a (positive) charge Ze , and integer number times the elementary charge e . This follows from the fact that atoms are neutral! Nuclei of identical charge come in different masses, a...Each nucleus has a (positive) charge Ze , and integer number times the elementary charge e . This follows from the fact that atoms are neutral! Nuclei of identical charge come in different masses, all approximate multiples of the “nucleon mass”. Nuclei of identical charge (chemical type) but different mass are called isotopes. Nuclei of approximately the same mass, but different chemical type, are called isobars.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Nuclear_and_Particle_Physics/Nuclear_and_Particle_Physics_(Walet)/07%3A_Symmetries_and_Particle_PhysicsSymmetries in physics provide a great fascination to us – one of the hang-ups of mankind. We can recognize a symmetry easily, and they provide a great tool to classify shapes and patterns. There is an...Symmetries in physics provide a great fascination to us – one of the hang-ups of mankind. We can recognize a symmetry easily, and they provide a great tool to classify shapes and patterns. There is an important area of mathematics called group theory, where one studies the transformations under which an object is symmetric.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Nuclear_and_Particle_Physics/Nuclear_and_Particle_Physics_(Walet)/01%3A_A_History_of_Particle_Physics/1.05%3A_Low-Energy_Nuclear_PhysicsThe field of low-energy nuclear physics, which concentrates mainly on structure of and low-energy reaction on nuclei, has become one of the smaller parts of nuclear physics (apart from in the UK). Not...The field of low-energy nuclear physics, which concentrates mainly on structure of and low-energy reaction on nuclei, has become one of the smaller parts of nuclear physics (apart from in the UK). Notable results have included better understanding of the nuclear medium, high-spin physics, super deformation and halo nuclei. Current experimental interest is in those nuclei near the “drip lines” which are of astrophysical importance, as well as of other interest.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Nuclear_and_Particle_Physics/Nuclear_and_Particle_Physics_(Walet)/04%3A_Nuclear_Models/4.02%3A_Collective_ModelsAnother, and actually older, way to look at nuclei is as a drop of “quantum fluid”. This ignores the fact that a nucleus is made up of protons and neutrons, and explains the structure of nuclei in ter...Another, and actually older, way to look at nuclei is as a drop of “quantum fluid”. This ignores the fact that a nucleus is made up of protons and neutrons, and explains the structure of nuclei in terms of a continuous system, just as we normally ignore the individual particles that make up a fluid.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Nuclear_and_Particle_Physics/Nuclear_and_Particle_Physics_(Walet)/02%3A__Experimental_Tools/2.04%3A_DetectorsDetectors are used for various measurements on the physical processes occurring in particle physics. The most important of those are To identify particles. To measure positions. To measure time diffe...Detectors are used for various measurements on the physical processes occurring in particle physics. The most important of those are To identify particles. To measure positions. To measure time differences. To measure momentum. To measure energy. Let me now go over some of the different pieces of machinery used to perform such measurements
