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- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Astronomy__Cosmology/Big_Ideas_in_Cosmology_(Coble_et_al.)/11%3A_Black_Holes/11.03%3A_Quantum_Effects_Near_Black_HolesAn important aspect of black holes that lies outside the scope of general relativity is their quantum nature. General relativity is not a quantum theory of gravity, and so our understanding of how bla...An important aspect of black holes that lies outside the scope of general relativity is their quantum nature. General relativity is not a quantum theory of gravity, and so our understanding of how black holes will behave on extremely small scales is still far from complete.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Chicago_State_University/PH_S_1150%3A_Basic_Astronomy/11%3A_Black_Holes/11.03%3A_Quantum_Effects_Near_Black_HolesThat reduces our task to finding values of the exponents α, β, and γ (alpha, beta and gamma) that give the right-hand side of the equation the value “length to the first powe...That reduces our task to finding values of the exponents α, β, and γ (alpha, beta and gamma) that give the right-hand side of the equation the value “length to the first power.” Note that we could have used a, b and c instead, but we are already using c to mean the speed of light, and we want to avoid confusion.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/College_Physics/College_Physics_1e_(OpenStax)/33%3A_Particle_Physics/33.01%3A_The_Yukawa_Particle_and_the_Heisenberg_Uncertainty_Principle_RevisitedParticle physics as we know it today began with the ideas of Hideki Yukawa in 1935. Yukawa was interested in the strong nuclear force in particular and found an ingenious way to explain its short rang...Particle physics as we know it today began with the ideas of Hideki Yukawa in 1935. Yukawa was interested in the strong nuclear force in particular and found an ingenious way to explain its short range. His idea is a blend of particles, forces, relativity, and quantum mechanics that is applicable to all forces. Yukawa proposed that force is transmitted by the exchange of particles (called carrier particles). The field consists of these carrier particles.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Nuclear_and_Particle_Physics/Nuclear_and_Particle_Physics_(Walet)/05%3A_Basic_Concepts_of_Theoretical_Particle_Physics/5.04%3A_Fluctuations_of_the_VacuumThe great problem is in understanding the meaning of virtual particles. Suppose we are studying the vacuum state in QED. We wish to describe this vacuum in terms of the states of no positrons, electro...The great problem is in understanding the meaning of virtual particles. Suppose we are studying the vacuum state in QED. We wish to describe this vacuum in terms of the states of no positrons, electrons and photons (the naive vacuum). Since these particles interact we have short-lived states where e+e− pairs, and photons, and .... appear for a short while and disappear again. This is also true for real particles.
