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- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Muhlenberg_College/MC_%3A_Physics_213_-_Modern_Physics/03%3A_Photons_and_Matter_Waves/3.03%3A_Photoelectric_EffectThe photoelectric effect occurs when photoelectrons are ejected from a metal surface in response to monochromatic radiation incident on the surface. It has three characteristics: (1) it is instantaneo...The photoelectric effect occurs when photoelectrons are ejected from a metal surface in response to monochromatic radiation incident on the surface. It has three characteristics: (1) it is instantaneous, (2) it occurs only when the radiation is above a cut-off frequency, and (3) kinetic energies of photoelectrons at the surface do not depend of the intensity of radiation. The photoelectric effect cannot be explained by classical theory.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Bowdoin_College/Phys1140%3A_Introductory_Physics_II%3A_Part_2/05%3A_Photons_and_Matter_Waves/5.03%3A_Photoelectric_EffectThe photoelectric effect occurs when photoelectrons are ejected from a metal surface in response to monochromatic radiation incident on the surface. It has three characteristics: (1) it is instantaneo...The photoelectric effect occurs when photoelectrons are ejected from a metal surface in response to monochromatic radiation incident on the surface. It has three characteristics: (1) it is instantaneous, (2) it occurs only when the radiation is above a cut-off frequency, and (3) kinetic energies of photoelectrons at the surface do not depend of the intensity of radiation. The photoelectric effect cannot be explained by classical theory.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/University_Physics_(OpenStax)/University_Physics_III_-_Optics_and_Modern_Physics_(OpenStax)/06%3A_Photons_and_Matter_Waves/6.03%3A_Photoelectric_EffectThe photoelectric effect occurs when photoelectrons are ejected from a metal surface in response to monochromatic radiation incident on the surface. It has three characteristics: (1) it is instantaneo...The photoelectric effect occurs when photoelectrons are ejected from a metal surface in response to monochromatic radiation incident on the surface. It has three characteristics: (1) it is instantaneous, (2) it occurs only when the radiation is above a cut-off frequency, and (3) kinetic energies of photoelectrons at the surface do not depend of the intensity of radiation. The photoelectric effect cannot be explained by classical theory.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Modern_Physics/Spiral_Modern_Physics_(D'Alessandris)/4%3A_The_Photon/4.1%3A_Light_as_a_Stream_of_ParticlesThe energy of the freed electrons (measured by the voltage needed to stop the flow of electrons) and the number of freed electrons (measured as a current) could then be explored as a function of the i...The energy of the freed electrons (measured by the voltage needed to stop the flow of electrons) and the number of freed electrons (measured as a current) could then be explored as a function of the intensity and frequency of the incident light. Some of this energy goes toward freeing the electrons from the metal surface (this “binding” energy of the electrons to the surface is called the workfunction, \(\phi\)) while the remainder (if any) appears as kinetic energy of the ejected electrons.
