Table \(\PageIndex{1}\): Physical Data for the Major Planets
|
Major Planet
|
Mean Diameter (km)
|
Mean Diameter (Earth = 1)
|
Mass (Earth = 1)
|
Mean Density (g/cm
3
)
|
Rotation Period (d)
|
Inclination of Equator to Orbit (°)
|
Surface Gravity (Earth = 1[g])
|
Velocity of Escape (km/s)
|
|
Mercury
|
4879
|
0.38
|
0.055
|
5.43
|
58.
|
0.0
|
0.38
|
4.3
|
|
Venus
|
12,104
|
0.95
|
0.815
|
5.24
|
−243.
|
177
|
0.90
|
10.4
|
|
Earth
|
12,756
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
5.51
|
1.000
|
23.4
|
1.00
|
11.2
|
|
Mars
|
6779
|
0.53
|
0.11
|
3.93
|
1.026
|
25.2
|
0.38
|
5.0
|
|
Jupiter
|
140,000
|
10.9
|
318
|
1.33
|
0.414
|
3.1
|
2.53
|
60.
|
|
Saturn
|
117,000
|
9.13
|
95.2
|
0.69
|
0.440
|
26.7
|
1.07
|
36.
|
|
Uranus
|
50,700
|
3.98
|
14.5
|
1.27
|
−0.718
|
97.9
|
0.89
|
21.
|
|
Neptune
|
49,200
|
3.86
|
17.2
|
1.64
|
0.671
|
29.6
|
1.14
|
23.
|
Table \(\PageIndex{2}\): Physical Data for Well-Studied Dwarf Planets
|
Well-Studied Dwarf Planet
|
Diameter (km)
|
Diameter (Earth = 1)
|
Mass (Earth = 1)
|
Mean Density (g/cm
3
)
|
Rotation Period (d)
|
Inclination of Equator to Orbit (°)
|
Surface Gravity (Earth = 1[g])
|
Velocity of Escape (km/s)
|
|
Ceres
|
950
|
0.07
|
0.0002
|
2.2
|
0.378
|
3
|
0.03
|
0.5
|
|
Pluto
|
2470
|
0.18
|
0.0024
|
1.9
|
−6.387
|
122
|
0.06
|
1.3
|
|
Haumea
|
1700
|
0.13
|
0.0007
|
3
|
0.163
|
—
|
—
|
0.8
|
|
Makemake
|
1400
|
0.11
|
0.0005
|
2
|
0.321
|
—
|
—
|
0.8
|
|
Eris
|
2326
|
0.18
|
0.0028
|
2.5
|
1.25
1
|
—
|
—
|
1.4
|
Table \(\PageIndex{3}\): Orbital Data for the Major Planets
|
Major Planet
|
Semimajor Axis (AU)
|
Semimajor Axis (10
6
km)
|
Sidereal Period (y)
|
Sidereal Period (d)
|
Mean Orbital Speed (km/s)
|
Orbital Eccentricity
|
Inclination of Orbit to Ecliptic (°)
|
|
Mercury
|
0.39
|
58
|
0.24
|
88.0
|
47.9
|
0.206
|
7.0
|
|
Venus
|
0.72
|
108
|
0.6
|
224.7
|
35.0
|
0.007
|
3.4
|
|
Earth
|
1.00
|
149
|
1.00
|
365.2
|
29.8
|
0.017
|
0.0
|
|
Mars
|
1.52
|
228
|
1.88
|
687.0
|
24.1
|
0.093
|
1.9
|
|
Jupiter
|
5.20
|
778
|
11.86
|
—
|
13.1
|
0.048
|
1.3
|
|
Saturn
|
9.54
|
1427
|
29.46
|
—
|
9.6
|
0.056
|
2.5
|
|
Uranus
|
19.19
|
2871
|
84.01
|
—
|
6.8
|
0.046
|
0.8
|
|
Neptune
|
30.06
|
4497
|
164.82
|
—
|
5.4
|
0.010
|
1.8
|
Table \(\PageIndex{4}\): Orbital Data for Well-Studied Dwarf Planets
|
Well-Studied Dwarf Planet
|
Semimajor Axis (AU)
|
Semimajor Axis (10
6
km)
|
Sidereal Period (y)
|
Mean Orbital Speed
(km/s)
|
Orbital Eccentricity
|
Inclination of Orbit to Ecliptic (°)
|
|
Ceres
|
2.77
|
414.0
|
4.6
|
18
|
0.08
|
11
|
|
Pluto
|
39.5
|
5915
|
248.6
|
4.7
|
0.25
|
17
|
|
Haumea
|
43.1
|
6452
|
283.3
|
4.5
|
0.19
|
28
|
|
Makemake
|
45.8
|
6850
|
309.9
|
4.4
|
0.16
|
29
|
|
Eris
|
68.0
|
10,120
|
560.9
|
3.4
|
0.44
|
44
|
Footnotes
1
This measurement is quite uncertain.