24.4: Energy in Electromagnetic Waves
Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
- Explain how the energy and amplitude of an electromagnetic wave are related.
- Given its power output and the heating area, calculate the intensity of a microwave oven’s electromagnetic field, as well as its peak electric and magnetic field strengths
Anyone who has used a microwave oven knows there is energy in electromagnetic waves . Sometimes this energy is obvious, such as in the warmth of the summer sun. Other times it is subtle, such as the unfelt energy of gamma rays, which can destroy living cells.
Electromagnetic waves can bring energy into a system by virtue of their electric and magnetic fields . These fields can exert forces and move charges in the system and, thus, do work on them. If the frequency of the electromagnetic wave is the same as the natural frequencies of the system (such as microwaves at the resonant frequency of water molecules), the transfer of energy is much more efficient.
CONNECTIONS: WAVES AND PARTICLES
The behavior of electromagnetic radiation clearly exhibits wave characteristics. But we shall find in later modules that at high frequencies, electromagnetic radiation also exhibits particle characteristics. These particle characteristics will be used to explain more of the properties of the electromagnetic spectrum and to introduce the formal study of modern physics.
Another startling discovery of modern physics is that particles, such as electrons and protons, exhibit wave characteristics. This simultaneous sharing of wave and particle properties for all submicroscopic entities is one of the great symmetries in nature.
But there is energy in an electromagnetic wave, whether it is absorbed or not. Once created, the fields carry energy away from a source. If absorbed, the field strengths are diminished and anything left travels on. Clearly, the larger the strength of the electric and magnetic fields, the more work they can do and the greater the energy the electromagnetic wave carries.
A wave’s energy is proportional to its amplitude squared (\(E^{2}\) or \(B^{2}\)). This is true for waves on guitar strings, for water waves, and for sound waves, where amplitude is proportional to pressure. In electromagnetic waves, the amplitude is the maximum field strength of the electrical and magnetic fields. (See Figure 1.)
Thus the energy carried and the intensity \(I\) of an electromagnetic wave is proportional to \(E^{2}\) and \(B^{2}\). In fact, for a continuous sinusoidal electromagnetic wave, the average intensity \[I_{ave} = \frac{c \epsilon_{0} E_{0}^{2}}{2},\label{24.5.1}\] where \(c\) is the speed of light, \(\epsilon_{0}\) is the permittivity of free space, and \(E_{0}\) is the maximum electric field strength; intensity, as always, is power per unit area (here in \(W/m^{2}\)).
The average intensity of an electromagnetic wave \(I_{ave}\) can also be expressed in terms of the magnetic field strength by using the relationship \(B = E/c\), and the fact that \(\epsilon_{0} = 1/ \mu_{0} c^{2}\), where \(\mu_{0}\) is the permeability of free space. Algebraic manipulation produces the relationship \[I_{ave} = \frac{cB_{0}^{2}}{2 \mu_{0}}, \label{24.5.2}\] where \(B_{0}\) is the maximum magnetic field strength.
One more expression for \(I_{ave}\) in terms of both electric and magnetic field strengths is useful. Substituting the fact that \(c \cdot B_{0} = E_{0}\), the previous expressions becomes \[I_{ave} = \frac{E_{0} B_{0}}{2 \mu_{0}} . \label{24.5.3}\] Whichever of the three preceding equations is most convenient can be used, since they are really just different versions of the same principle: Energy in a wave is related to amplitude squared. Furthermore, since these equations are based on the assumption that the electromagnetic waves are sinusoidal, peak intensity is twice the average; that is, \(I_{0} = 2I_{ave}\).
Example \(\PageIndex{1}\): Calculate Microwave Intensities and Fields
On its highest power setting, a certain microwave oven projects 1.00 kW of microwaves onto a 30.0 by 40.0 cm area. (a) What is the intensity in \(W/m^{2}\)? (b) Calculate the peak electric field strength \(E_{0}\) in these waves. (c) What is the peak magnetic field strength \(B_{0}\)?
Strategy:
In part (a), we can find intensity from its definition as power per unit area. Once the intensity is known, we can use the equations below to find the field strengths asked for in parts (b) and (c).
Solution for (a):
Entering the given power into the definition of intensity, and noting the area is 0.300 by 0.400 m, yields \[I = \frac{P}{A} = \frac{1.00 kW}{0.300 m \times 0.400 m}.\] Here \(I = I_{ave}\), so that \[I_{ave} = \frac{1000 W}{0.120 m^{2}} = 8.33 \times 10^{3} W/m^{2}.\] Note that the peak intensity is twice the average: \[I_{0} = 2I_{ave} = 1.67 \times 10^{4} W/m^{2}.\]
Solution for (b):
To find \(E_{0}\), we can rearrange the first equation given above for \(I_{ave}\) to give \[E_{0} = \left( \frac{2I_{ave}}{c \epsilon_{0}} \right) ^{1/2} .\] Entering known values gives \[E_{0} = \sqrt{\frac{ 2 \left( 8.33 \times 10^{3} W/m^{2} \right) }{ \left( 3.00 \times 10^{8} m/s \right) \left( 8.85 \times 10^{-12} C^{2} / N \cdot m^{2} \right) }}\] \[= 2.51 \times 10^{3} V/m.\]
Solution for (c):
Perhaps the easiest way to find magnetic field strength, now that the electric field strength is known, is to use the relationship given by \[B_{0} = \frac{E_{0}}{c}.\] Entering known values gives \[B_{0} = \frac{2.51 \times 10^{3} V/m}{3.0 \times 10^{8} m/s}\] \[= 8.35 \times 10^{-6} T\]
Discussion:
As before, a relatively strong electric field is accompanied by a relatively weak magnetic field in an electromagnetic wave, since \(B = E/c\), and \(c\) is a large number.
Summary
- The energy carried by any wave is proportional to its amplitude squared. For electromagnetic waves, this means intensity can be expressed as \[I_{ave} = \frac{c \epsilon_{0} E_{0}^{2}}{2},\] where \(I_{ave}\) is the average intensity in \(W/m^{2}\), and \(E_{0}\) is the maximum electric field strength of a continuous sinusoidal wave.
- This can also be expressed in terms of the maximum magnetic field strength \(B_{0}\) as \[I_{ave} = \frac{c B_{0}^{2}}{2 \mu_{0}}\] and in terms of both electric and magnetic fields as \[I_{ave} = \frac{E_{0}B_{0}}{2 \mu_{0}}.\]
- The three expressions for \(I_{ave}\) are all equivalent.
Glossary
- maximum field strength
- the maximum amplitude an electromagnetic wave can reach, representing the maximum amount of electric force and/or magnetic flux that the wave can exert
- intensity
- the power of an electric or magnetic field per unit area, for example, Watts per square meter