Loading [MathJax]/jax/output/HTML-CSS/jax.js
Skip to main content
Library homepage
 

Text Color

Text Size

 

Margin Size

 

Font Type

Enable Dyslexic Font
Physics LibreTexts

4.5: Summary

( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\)

Key Takeaways

When the motion of an object is in more than one dimension, we describe the position of the object using a vector, r.

r(t)=(x(t)y(t)z(t))=x(t)ˆx+y(t)ˆy+z(t)ˆz

where x(t), y(t), and z(t), are the position coordinates of the object. We treat the motion in each dimension as independent.

The instantaneous velocity vector and the acceleration vector are given by:

v(t)=ddtr(t)a(t)=ddtv(t)

If the acceleration vector is constant (in magnitude and direction), then the position and velocity of the object are described by:

r(t)=r0+v0t+12at2v(t)=v0+at

where each of these vector equations represents 3 independent equations, one for each of the x, y, and z component of the vectors.

If an object has position rA as measured in a frame of reference xy that is moving at constant speed vB as measured in a second frame of reference xy, then in the xy reference frame:

rA(t)=vBt+rA(t)vA(t)=vB+vA(t)aA(t)=aA(t)

An acceleration can change the magnitude and/or the direction of the velocity vector.

  1. The component of the acceleration vector that is parallel to the velocity vector changes the magnitude of the velocity.
  2. The component of the acceleration vector that is perpendicular to the velocity vector changes the direction of the velocity.

The acceleration vector for motion in two dimensions can be written as the sum of vectors that are parallel (a) and perpendicular (a) to the velocity vector:

a=dvdtˆv(t)+v(t)dˆvdt=a+a

If the position of an object moving in a circle of radius R is described by its position along the curved axis s, then its position along the circle can be described using an angle, θ, in radians:

θ(t)=s(t)R

For an object moving along a circle, we can write its position vector, r(t), as:

r(t)=(x(t)y(t))=R(cos(θ(t))sin(θ(t)))

The angular velocity, ω, is the rate of change of the angle. The angular acceleration, α, is the rate of change of the angular velocity:

ω=dθdtα=dωdt

The linear kinematic quantities can be found from the angular quantities:

s=Rθvs=Rωas=Rα

For circular motion, the velocity vector is tangent to the circle and the perpendicular component of the acceleration is called the centripetal acceleration. The centripetal acceleration points towards the center of the circle and has a magnitude of:

ac(t)=ω2(t)R=v2(t)R

The centripetal acceleration vector can be written as:

a(t)=ω2R[cos(θ)ˆxsin(θ)ˆy]

Uniform circular is the motion of an object around a circle with a constant speed. The period, T, is the time that it takes for the object to complete one revolution. The frequency, f, is the inverse of the period, and can be thought of as the number of revolutions completed per second:

T=2πωf=1T=ω2π

Important Equations

Motion in 2D:

r(t)=(x(t)y(t))=x(t)ˆx+y(t)ˆyv(t)=ddtr(t)a(t)=ddtv(t)

Relative Motion 2D:

rA(t)=vBt+rA(t)vA(t)=vB+vA(t)aA(t)=aA(t)

Acceleration Vector 2D:

a=dvdtˆv(t)+v(t)dˆvdt(constant speed:)a=dvxdt(ˆxvx(t)vy(t)ˆy)

Circular Motion:

r(t)=(x(t)y(t))=R(cos(θ(t))sin(θ(t)))ω=dθdtα=dωdts=Rθvs=Rωas=Rαac(t)=ω2(t)R=v2(t)Ra(t)=ω2R[cos(θ)ˆxsin(θ)ˆy]T=2πωf=1T=ω2π

Important Definitions

Definition

Position vector: A vector, usually labelled, r, to describe the position of an object relative to the origin of a coordinate system. In Cartesian coordinates, the position vector is simply given by the x, y, and z coordinates of the object, r=xˆx=yˆy+zˆz.

Definition

Velocity vector: A vector, usually labelled, v, which corresponds to the time-rate of change (the derivative with respect to time) of the position vector.

Definition

Acceleration vector: A vector, usually labelled, a, which corresponds to the time-rate of change (the derivative with respect to time) of the velocity vector.

Definition

Angular position: The angle that the position vector makes with either the x or z axis. SI units: none. Common variable(s): θ (angle with the z axis), ϕ (angle with the x axis).

Definition

Angular velocity: The rate at which an angle changes with respect to time. SI units: [ s^-1]. Common variable(s): ω. The angular velocity can be represented by a vector, using the right-hand rule for axial vectors.

Definition

Angular acceleration: The rate at which angular velocity changes with respect to time. SI units: [ s^-2]. Common variable(s): α. The angular acceleration can be represented by a vector, using the right-hand rule for axial vectors.

Definition

Uniform circular motion: The motion of an object with constant speed around a circle.


This page titled 4.5: Summary is shared under a CC BY-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Ryan D. Martin, Emma Neary, Joshua Rinaldo, and Olivia Woodman via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform.

Support Center

How can we help?