Unit 3: Chemistry
- Page ID
- 162061
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- Chapter 3.1: Matter energy and their measurements
- Matter, energy, and their interactions are described. Measurements of the matter and energy and basic mathematical operations needed in chemistry are also descaribed.
- Section 3.1.1: Matter and energy
- Section 3.1.2: What is chemistry?
- Section 3.1.3: Measurements
- Section 3.1.4: Significant Figures
- Section 3.1.5: Unit conversions
- Section 3.1.6: Equations and graphs
- Section 3.1.7: Density and specific gravity measurements
- Section 3.1.8: Heat and its measurements
- Section 3.1.9: Heat and changes in physical states of matter
- Chapter 3.2: Elements
- The arrangement of elements in a periodic table, groups of atoms in the same column having similar properties, and the periodic trends in the properties of elements across a row in a periodic table are described. The arrangement of electrons in an atom, particularly, the valence electrons that determine the chemical properties are also described.
- Chapter 3.3: Compounds
- Bonding in compounds, i.e., ionic and covalent bonds, the nomenclature of ions, binary ionic compounds, and binary covalent compounds are described. Shapes of molecules are explained based on VSEPR theory and properties, like polarity and intermolecular forces are explained based on the shapes and polarity of individual bonds in the compounds.
- Section 3.3.1: Bonding in compounds
- Section 3.3.2: Naming binary ionic compounds
- Section 3.3.3: Polyatomic ions and their compounds
- Section 3.3.4: Naming acids
- Section 3.3.5: Naming binary covalent compounds
- Section 3.3.6: Lewis structures of molecules
- Section 3.3.7: Molecular shapes –Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory
- Section 3.3.8: Polarity of molecules
- Section 3.3.9: Intramolecular forces and intermolecular forces
- Chapter 3.4: Stoichiometry –the quantification of chemical reactions
- Stoichiometry, i.e., the study of the quantities of substances and energy consumed and produced in chemical reactions is described. It includes how to write chemical equations, recognize patterns and major types of chemical reactions, split or combine chemical reaction equations like oxidation-half, reduction-half, and overall redox reactions, and perform quantitative calculations of amounts and energy consumed or produced based on the conversion factors derived from a balanced chemical equation
- Chapter 3.5: Solutions
- The solution, i.e., homogeneous mixture is described, along with the concepts of electrolytes, solubility, concentration units, dilution, osmosis, and dialysis.
- Chapter 3.6: Acids and bases
- The chemical reactions involving the transfer of protons, i.e., acid-base reactions, are described. Dissociation of water, its relationship with hydronium ion concentration, pH, pH scale, and buffers needed to regulate pH in the lab and in living systems are described.
- Chapter 3.7: Gases
- Relationships between volume, pressure, temperature, and amount of gas, that together determine the properties of gases are described as gas laws. Molar volume of gases, breathing process, and hyperbaric chamber used in some medical treatments are also explained based on the gas laws.
- Section 3.7.1: Characteristics of gases
- Section 3.7.2: The pressure-volume relationship
- Section 3.7.3: The temperature-volume relationship
- Section 3.7.4: The pressure-temperature relationship
- Section 3.7.5: The combined gas law
- Section 3.7.6: The volume-amount relationship
- Section 3.7.7: Ideal gas law
- Section 3.7.8: Dalton’s law of partial pressure
- Chapter 3.8: Nuclear chemistry
- Unlike chemical reactions, nuclear reactions involve changes in the nucleus of an atom and usually produce a new isotope of the same or a different element. Some of the isotopes emit radiations that are used in medical imaging and to kill cancer cells. The chapter is focused on introducing nuclear reaction and their medical uses.
- Section 3.8.1: Introduction to nuclear chemistry
- Section 3.8.2: Radioactivity
- Section 3.8.3: Half-life of radioisotopes
- Section 3.8.4: Radiation measurements
- Section 3.8.5: Ionizing radiation exposures
- Section 3.8.6: Medical uses of radioisotopes
- Section 3.8.7: Making radioisotopes for medical uses
- Section 3.8.8: Nuclear fusion and fission


