10.9: End of Chapter Key Terms
- Page ID
- 96547
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- Force: A vector quantity that causes an object to accelerate, change its velocity, or deform; measured in newtons (N).
- Vector: A quantity that has both magnitude and direction.
- Magnitude: The size or amount of a quantity, often referred to as the "strength" of a force.
- Direction: The line or course along which something is moving or pointing.
- Contact Force: A force that acts at the point of contact between two objects, such as friction, tension, and normal force.
- Non-contact Force: A force that acts over a distance without physical contact, such as gravitational, electromagnetic, and nuclear forces.
- Gravity: The force of attraction between two masses, typically noticeable between Earth and objects on it; measured in newtons (N).
- Weight: The force of gravity acting on an object’s mass, calculated as weight = mass × gravitational acceleration (W = mg).
- Normal Force: The support force exerted upon an object in contact with another stable object, acting perpendicular to the surface.
- Friction: The force that opposes the relative motion or tendency of such motion of two surfaces in contact.
- Tension: The pulling force transmitted along a string, rope, cable, or similar object.
- Spring Force: The restoring force exerted by a spring, proportional to the displacement of the spring from its equilibrium position (Hooke’s Law).
- Air Resistance: The force that opposes the motion of an object through air, a type of frictional force.
- Applied Force: A force that is applied to an object by a person or another object.
- Net Force: The overall force acting on an object when all the individual forces acting on the object are combined.
- Balanced Forces: Forces that are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction, resulting in no change in an object's motion.
- Unbalanced Forces: Forces that are not equal and opposite, causing a change in an object's motion.
- Newton’s First Law of Motion (Law of Inertia): A principle stating that an object at rest will stay at rest, and an object in motion will stay in motion at constant velocity unless acted upon by a net external force.
- Inertia: The tendency of an object to resist changes in its state of motion.
- Newton’s Second Law of Motion: A principle stating that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass (F = ma).
- Newton’s Third Law of Motion: A principle stating that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
- Centripetal Force: A force that acts on an object moving in a circular path, directed toward the center of the circle.
- Centrifugal Force: An apparent force that acts outward on a body moving around a center, arising from the body's inertia.
- Momentum: The quantity of motion of a moving body, calculated as the product of its mass and velocity (p = mv).
- Impulse: The change in momentum resulting from a force applied over a period of time, calculated as impulse = force × time (J = Ft).
- Torque: A measure of the force that can cause an object to rotate about an axis, calculated as torque = force × lever arm distance (τ = rF sinθ).
- Equilibrium: The state in which the net force on an object is zero, resulting in no acceleration.
- Static Equilibrium: The condition where an object is at rest and the net force acting on it is zero.
- Dynamic Equilibrium: The condition where an object is moving at constant velocity and the net force acting on it is zero.
- Free-body Diagram: A graphical representation used to visualize the forces acting on an object.
- Elastic Force: The force exerted by an elastic material when it is stretched or compressed.
- Gravitational Force: The attractive force that acts between any two masses.
- Electromagnetic Force: The force associated with electric and magnetic fields, responsible for electric and magnetic interactions.
- Nuclear Force: The strong attractive force that binds protons and neutrons together in the nucleus of an atom.
- Action-at-a-Distance Force: Forces that can act on an object without physical contact, such as gravitational, electromagnetic, and nuclear forces.