12: C12) Thermal Energy
- Page ID
- 88750
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- 12.2: Prelude to Temperature and Heat
- Heat and temperature are important concepts for each of us, every day. How we dress in the morning depends on whether the day is hot or cold, and most of what we do requires energy that ultimately comes from the Sun. The study of heat and temperature is part of an area of physics known as thermodynamics. The laws of thermodynamics govern the flow of energy throughout the universe. They are studied in all areas of science and engineering, from chemistry to biology to environmental science.
- 12.3: Thermometers and Temperature Scales
- Three types of thermometers are alcohol, liquid crystal, and infrared radiation (pyrometer). The three main temperature scales are Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin. Temperatures can be converted from one scale to another using temperature conversion equations. The three phases of water (ice, liquid water, and water vapor) can coexist at a single pressure and temperature known as the triple point.
- 12.4: Heat Transfer, Specific Heat, and Calorimetry
- Heat is a type of energy transfer that is caused by a temperature difference, and it can change the temperature of an object. As we learned earlier in this chapter, heat transfer is the movement of energy from one place or material to another as a result of a difference in temperature. Heat transfer is fundamental to such everyday activities as home heating and cooking, as well as many industrial processes. It also forms a basis for the topics in the remainder of this chapter.
In this chapter, we will finally find where all of the energy goes that we have considered "lost" in previous chapters. We will find an equivalence between thermal energy and other energies we have studied. Finally, we will learn how to solve simple problems that involve thermal energy and changes of temperature of objects.