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- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Prince_Georges_Community_College/PHY_2040%3A_General_Physics_III/10%3A_Nuclear_Physics_and_Radioactivity/10.1%3A_The_NucleusNuclear size is defined by nuclear radius; nuclear density can be calculated from nuclear size.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Georgia_State_University/GSU-TM-Introductory_Physics_II_(1112)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_13.1%3A_Appendix_J-_Physics_Formulas_(Wevers)/1.15%3A_Quantum_Field_Theory_and_Particle_PhysicsQuantum field theory, field quantization, Klein Gordon equation, standard model
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/College_Physics/College_Physics_1e_(OpenStax)/33%3A_Particle_Physics/33.05%3A_Quarks_-_Is_That_All_There_IsQuarks have been mentioned at various points in this text as fundamental building blocks and members of the exclusive club of truly elementary particles. Note that an elementary or fundamental particl...Quarks have been mentioned at various points in this text as fundamental building blocks and members of the exclusive club of truly elementary particles. Note that an elementary or fundamental particle has no substructure (it is not made of other particles) and has no finite size other than its wavelength. This does not mean that fundamental particles are stable—some decay, while others do not. Keep in mind that all leptons seem to be fundamental, whereas no hadrons are fundamental.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/University_Physics_(OpenStax)/University_Physics_III_-_Optics_and_Modern_Physics_(OpenStax)/11%3A_Particle_Physics_and_Cosmology/11.02%3A_Introduction_to_Particle_PhysicsThe four fundamental forces of nature are, in order of strength: strong nuclear, electromagnetic, weak nuclear, and gravitational. Quarks interact via the strong force, but leptons do not. Both quark ...The four fundamental forces of nature are, in order of strength: strong nuclear, electromagnetic, weak nuclear, and gravitational. Quarks interact via the strong force, but leptons do not. Both quark and leptons interact via the electromagnetic, weak, and gravitational forces. Elementary particles are classified into fermions and boson. Fermions have half-integral spin and obey the exclusion principle. Bosons have integral spin and do not obey this principle.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/College_Physics/College_Physics_1e_(OpenStax)/08%3A_Linear_Momentum_and_Collisions/8.03%3A_Conservation_of_MomentumMomentum is an important quantity because it is conserved. Yet it appears to not be conserved in the previous exampless, where large changes in momentum were produced by forces acting on the system of...Momentum is an important quantity because it is conserved. Yet it appears to not be conserved in the previous exampless, where large changes in momentum were produced by forces acting on the system of interest. Under what circumstances is momentum conserved? The answer to this question entails considering a sufficiently large system. It is always possible to find a larger system in which total momentum is constant, even if momentum changes for components of the system.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/University_Physics_(OpenStax)/University_Physics_III_-_Optics_and_Modern_Physics_(OpenStax)/11%3A_Particle_Physics_and_Cosmology/11.04%3A_QuarksSix known quarks exist: up (u), down (d), charm (c), strange (s), top (t), and bottom (b). These particles are fermions with half-integral spin and fractional charge. Baryons consist of three quarks, ...Six known quarks exist: up (u), down (d), charm (c), strange (s), top (t), and bottom (b). These particles are fermions with half-integral spin and fractional charge. Baryons consist of three quarks, and mesons consist of a quark-antiquark pair. Due to the strong force, quarks cannot exist in isolation. Evidence for quarks is found in scattering experiments.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Prince_Georges_Community_College/General_Physics_I%3A_Classical_Mechanics/64%3A_The_Standard_Model/64.01%3A_MatterQuarks are never observed in isolation: they occur only as a system of three quarks (called a baryon), or as a quark-antiquark pair (called a meson). (An antiquark is a form of antimatter, described b...Quarks are never observed in isolation: they occur only as a system of three quarks (called a baryon), or as a quark-antiquark pair (called a meson). (An antiquark is a form of antimatter, described below.) Examples of baryons are the proton (which consists of two "up" quarks and one "down" quark) and the neutron (which consists of two "down" quarks and one "up" quark).
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Nuclear_and_Particle_Physics/Nuclear_and_Particle_Physics_(Walet)/01%3A_A_History_of_Particle_Physics/1.09%3A_The_sub-structure_of_the_nucleon_(Quantum_Chromodynamics)Since it was found (in 1962) that electrons and muons are each accompanied by their own neutrino, it is proposed to organise the quarks in multiplets as well: \[\begin{array}{lll} e & \nu_{e} & (u,d)\...Since it was found (in 1962) that electrons and muons are each accompanied by their own neutrino, it is proposed to organise the quarks in multiplets as well: \[\begin{array}{lll} e & \nu_{e} & (u,d)\\ \mu & \nu_{\mu} & (s,c) \end{array} \nonumber \] This requires a fourth quark, which is called charm. It is shown that even though quarks and gluons (the building blocks of the theory) exist, they cannot be created as free particles.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Learning_Objects/A_Physics_Formulary/Physics/15%3A_Quantum_Field_Theory_and_Particle_PhysicsQuantum field theory, field quantization, Klein Gordon equation, standard model
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Tuskegee_University/Algebra_Based_Physics_I/07%3A_Linear_Momentum_and_Collisions/7.04%3A_Conservation_of_MomentumMomentum is an important quantity because it is conserved. Yet it appears to not be conserved in the previous exampless, where large changes in momentum were produced by forces acting on the system of...Momentum is an important quantity because it is conserved. Yet it appears to not be conserved in the previous exampless, where large changes in momentum were produced by forces acting on the system of interest. Under what circumstances is momentum conserved? The answer to this question entails considering a sufficiently large system. It is always possible to find a larger system in which total momentum is constant, even if momentum changes for components of the system.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/Physics_(Boundless)/30%3A_Nuclear_Physics_and_Radioactivity/30.1%3A_The_NucleusNuclear size is defined by nuclear radius; nuclear density can be calculated from nuclear size.
