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24.1: Maxwell’s Equations- Electromagnetic Waves Predicted and Observed
https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/College_Physics/College_Physics_1e_(OpenStax)/24%3A_Electromagnetic_Waves/24.01%3A_Maxwells_Equations-_Electromagnetic_Waves_Predicted_and_Observed
Electromagnetic waves consist of oscillating electric and magnetic fields and propagate at the speed of light $c$ . They were predicted by Maxwell, who also showed that \[c = \frac{1}{\sqrt{\mu_{0} \...Electromagnetic waves consist of oscillating electric and magnetic fields and propagate at the speed of light $c$ . They were predicted by Maxwell, who also showed that $c = \frac{1}{\sqrt{\mu_{0} \epsilon_{0}}},$ where $mu_{0}$ is the permeability of free space and $\epsilon_{0}$ is the permitivity of free space. Maxwell’s prediction of electromagnetic waves resulted from his formulation of a complete and symmetric theory of electricity and magnetism, known as Maxwell’s equations.
6.2: Electromotive Force
https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Muhlenberg_College/Physics_122%3A_General_Physics_II_(Collett)/06%3A_Direct-Current_Circuits/6.02%3A_Electromotive_Force
All voltage sources have two fundamental parts: a source of electrical energy that has a electromotive force (emf) and an internal resistance r. The emf is the work done per charge to keep the potenti...All voltage sources have two fundamental parts: a source of electrical energy that has a electromotive force (emf) and an internal resistance r. The emf is the work done per charge to keep the potential difference of a source constant. The emf is equal to the potential difference across the terminals when no current is flowing. The internal resistance r of a voltage source affects the output voltage when a current flows. The voltage output of a device is called its terminal voltage.
6.2: Electromotive Force
https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Grand_Rapids_Community_College/PH246_Calculus_Physics_II_(2025)/06%3A_Direct-Current_Circuits/6.02%3A_Electromotive_Force
All voltage sources have two fundamental parts: a source of electrical energy that has a electromotive force (emf) and an internal resistance r. The emf is the work done per charge to keep the potenti...All voltage sources have two fundamental parts: a source of electrical energy that has a electromotive force (emf) and an internal resistance r. The emf is the work done per charge to keep the potential difference of a source constant. The emf is equal to the potential difference across the terminals when no current is flowing. The internal resistance r of a voltage source affects the output voltage when a current flows. The voltage output of a device is called its terminal voltage.
5.2: Electromotive Force
https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Bowdoin_College/Phys1140%3A_Introductory_Physics_II%3A_Part_1/05%3A_Direct_Current_Circuits/5.02%3A_Electromotive_Force
All voltage sources have two fundamental parts: a source of electrical energy that has a electromotive force (emf) and an internal resistance r. The emf is the work done per charge to keep the potenti...All voltage sources have two fundamental parts: a source of electrical energy that has a electromotive force (emf) and an internal resistance r. The emf is the work done per charge to keep the potential difference of a source constant. The emf is equal to the potential difference across the terminals when no current is flowing. The internal resistance r of a voltage source affects the output voltage when a current flows. The voltage output of a device is called its terminal voltage.
20.3: Kirchhoff’s Rules
https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/Physics_(Boundless)/20%3A_Circuits_and_Direct_Currents/20.3%3A_Kirchhoffs_Rules
Kirchhoff’s circuit laws are two equations that address the conservation of energy and charge in the context of electrical circuits.
5.1: Electromotive Force
https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Georgia_State_University/GSU-TM-Physics_II_(2212)/05%3A_Resistive_Networks/5.01%3A_Electromotive_Force
Entering the given values for the emf, load resistance, and internal resistance into the expression above yields $I = \frac{\epsilon}{R + r} = \frac{12.00 \, V}{10.10 \, \Omega} = 1.188 \, A.$ Enter...Entering the given values for the emf, load resistance, and internal resistance into the expression above yields $I = \frac{\epsilon}{R + r} = \frac{12.00 \, V}{10.10 \, \Omega} = 1.188 \, A.$ Enter the known values into the equation $V_{terminal} = \epsilon - Ir$ to get the terminal voltage: $V_{terminal} = \epsilon - Ir = 12.00 \, V - (1.188 \, A)(0.100 \, \Omega) = 11.90 \, V.$ The terminal voltage here is only slightly lower than the emf, implying that the current drawn by this light l…
21.2: Electromotive Force - Terminal Voltage
https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/College_Physics/College_Physics_1e_(OpenStax)/21%3A_Circuits_Bioelectricity_and_DC_Instruments/21.02%3A_Electromotive_Force_-_Terminal_Voltage
If you connect an excessive number of 12-V lights in parallel to a car battery, they will be dim even when the battery is fresh and even if the wires to the lights have very low resistance. This impli...If you connect an excessive number of 12-V lights in parallel to a car battery, they will be dim even when the battery is fresh and even if the wires to the lights have very low resistance. This implies that the battery’s output voltage is reduced by the overload. The reason for the decrease in output voltage for depleted or overloaded batteries is that all voltage sources have two fundamental parts—a source of electrical energy and an internal resistance. This section examines both.
6.1: Electromotive Force
https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Georgia_State_University/GSU-TM-Introductory_Physics_II_(1112)/06%3A_Resistive_Networks/6.01%3A_Electromotive_Force
Entering the given values for the emf, load resistance, and internal resistance into the expression above yields $I = \frac{\epsilon}{R + r} = \frac{12.00 \, V}{10.10 \, \Omega} = 1.188 \, A.$ Enter...Entering the given values for the emf, load resistance, and internal resistance into the expression above yields $I = \frac{\epsilon}{R + r} = \frac{12.00 \, V}{10.10 \, \Omega} = 1.188 \, A.$ Enter the known values into the equation $V_{terminal} = \epsilon - Ir$ to get the terminal voltage: $V_{terminal} = \epsilon - Ir = 12.00 \, V - (1.188 \, A)(0.100 \, \Omega) = 11.90 \, V.$ The terminal voltage here is only slightly lower than the emf, implying that the current drawn by this light l…
10.2: Electromotive Force
https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/University_Physics_(OpenStax)/University_Physics_II_-_Thermodynamics_Electricity_and_Magnetism_(OpenStax)/10%3A_Direct-Current_Circuits/10.02%3A_Electromotive_Force
All voltage sources have two fundamental parts: a source of electrical energy that has a electromotive force (emf) and an internal resistance r. The emf is the work done per charge to keep the potenti...All voltage sources have two fundamental parts: a source of electrical energy that has a electromotive force (emf) and an internal resistance r. The emf is the work done per charge to keep the potential difference of a source constant. The emf is equal to the potential difference across the terminals when no current is flowing. The internal resistance r of a voltage source affects the output voltage when a current flows. The voltage output of a device is called its terminal voltage.
11.2: Electromotive Force
https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Joliet_Junior_College/PHYS202_-_JJC_-_Testing/11%3A_Chapter_11/11.02%3A_Electromotive_Force
All voltage sources have two fundamental parts: a source of electrical energy that has a electromotive force (emf) and an internal resistance r. The emf is the work done per charge to keep the potenti...All voltage sources have two fundamental parts: a source of electrical energy that has a electromotive force (emf) and an internal resistance r. The emf is the work done per charge to keep the potential difference of a source constant. The emf is equal to the potential difference across the terminals when no current is flowing. The internal resistance r of a voltage source affects the output voltage when a current flows. The voltage output of a device is called its terminal voltage.
11.2: Maxwell’s Equations- Electromagnetic Waves Predicted and Observed
https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Kettering_University/Electricity_and_Magnetism_with_Applications_to_Amateur_Radio_and_Wireless_Technology/11%3A_Electromagnetic_Waves/11.02%3A_Maxwells_Equations-_Electromagnetic_Waves_Predicted_and_Observed
Electromagnetic waves consist of oscillating electric and magnetic fields and propagate at the speed of light $c$ . They were predicted by Maxwell, who also showed that \[c = \frac{1}{\sqrt{\mu_{0} \...Electromagnetic waves consist of oscillating electric and magnetic fields and propagate at the speed of light $c$ . They were predicted by Maxwell, who also showed that $c = \frac{1}{\sqrt{\mu_{0} \epsilon_{0}}},$ where $mu_{0}$ is the permeability of free space and $\epsilon_{0}$ is the permitivity of free space. Maxwell’s prediction of electromagnetic waves resulted from his formulation of a complete and symmetric theory of electricity and magnetism, known as Maxwell’s equations.

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