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- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Georgia_State_University/GSU-TM-Physics_I_(2211)/05%3A_Forces/5.08%3A_Common_Forces_-_The_Coulomb_ForceThe electric force →F on one of the charges is proportional to the magnitude of its own charge and the magnitude of the other charge, and is inversely proportional to the square of the distan...The electric force →F on one of the charges is proportional to the magnitude of its own charge and the magnitude of the other charge, and is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them: As for the direction, since the charges on the two particles are opposite, the force is attractive; the force on the electron points radially directly toward the proton, everywhere in the electron’s orbit.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/Radically_Modern_Introductory_Physics_Text_II_(Raymond)/16%3A_Generation_of_Electromagnetic_Fields/16.01%3A_Coulombs_Law_and_the_Electric_FieldThe potential energy between two stationary charges is equal to the scalar potential produced by one charge multiplied by the value of the other charge: The force between two stationary charges separa...The potential energy between two stationary charges is equal to the scalar potential produced by one charge multiplied by the value of the other charge: The force between two stationary charges separated by a distance r is the value of one charge multiplied by the electric field produced by the other charge. The most important aspect of this result is that both the gravitational and electrostatic forces decrease as the square of the distance between the particles.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Electricity_and_Magnetism/Electromagnetics_I_(Ellingson)/10%3A_Appendices/10.07%3A_Physical_Constants(unable to fetch text document from uri [status: 403 (Forbidden)])
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Bowdoin_College/Phys1140%3A_Introductory_Physics_II%3A_Part_1/02%3A_Electric_Fields/2.01%3A_Coulomb's_LawExperiments with electric charges have shown that if two objects each have electric charge, then they exert an electric force on each other. The magnitude of the force is linearly proportional to the ...Experiments with electric charges have shown that if two objects each have electric charge, then they exert an electric force on each other. The magnitude of the force is linearly proportional to the net charge on each object and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. (Interestingly, the force does not depend on the mass of the objects.) The direction of the force vector is along the imaginary line joining the two objects and is dictated by the signs of the charges.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Berea_College/Electromagnetics_I/10%3A_Appendices/10.07%3A_Physical_ConstantsThe speed of light in free space (c), which is the phase velocity of any electromagnetic radiation in free space, is ≅2.9979×108 m/s. The wave impedance of free space (η0)...The speed of light in free space (c), which is the phase velocity of any electromagnetic radiation in free space, is ≅2.9979×108 m/s. The wave impedance of free space (η0) is the ratio of the magnitude of the electric field intensity to that of the magnetic field intensity in free space and is √μ0/ϵ0≅376.7 Ω.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/University_Physics_(OpenStax)/University_Physics_II_-_Thermodynamics_Electricity_and_Magnetism_(OpenStax)/05%3A_Electric_Charges_and_Fields/5.04%3A_Coulomb's_LawExperiments with electric charges have shown that if two objects each have electric charge, then they exert an electric force on each other. The magnitude of the force is linearly proportional to the ...Experiments with electric charges have shown that if two objects each have electric charge, then they exert an electric force on each other. The magnitude of the force is linearly proportional to the net charge on each object and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. (Interestingly, the force does not depend on the mass of the objects.) The direction of the force vector is along the imaginary line joining the two objects and is dictated by the signs of the charges.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Joliet_Junior_College/PHYS202_-_JJC_-_Testing/02%3A_Conceptual_Objective_2/2.03%3A_Coulomb's_LawExperiments with electric charges have shown that if two objects each have electric charge, then they exert an electric force on each other. The magnitude of the force is linearly proportional to the ...Experiments with electric charges have shown that if two objects each have electric charge, then they exert an electric force on each other. The magnitude of the force is linearly proportional to the net charge on each object and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. (Interestingly, the force does not depend on the mass of the objects.) The direction of the force vector is along the imaginary line joining the two objects and is dictated by the signs of the charges.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Muhlenberg_College/Physics_122%3A_General_Physics_II_(Collett)/01%3A_Electric_Charges_and_Fields/1.04%3A_Coulomb's_LawExperiments with electric charges have shown that if two objects each have electric charge, then they exert an electric force on each other. The magnitude of the force is linearly proportional to the ...Experiments with electric charges have shown that if two objects each have electric charge, then they exert an electric force on each other. The magnitude of the force is linearly proportional to the net charge on each object and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. (Interestingly, the force does not depend on the mass of the objects.) The direction of the force vector is along the imaginary line joining the two objects and is dictated by the signs of the charges.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Kettering_University/Electricity_and_Magnetism_with_Applications_to_Amateur_Radio_and_Wireless_Technology/02%3A_The_Electric_Field/2.04%3A_Electric_Fields_and_ForcesEach electric charge is associated with an electric field. The electric field only depends on the configuration and size of the source charges. Once the electric field is found, it allows us to calcu...Each electric charge is associated with an electric field. The electric field only depends on the configuration and size of the source charges. Once the electric field is found, it allows us to calculate the force on any test charge. The electric force between two point charges is described by Coulomb's Law.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Georgia_State_University/GSU-TM-Physics_II_(2212)/03%3A_Electrostatics_-_Charges_Forces_and_Fields/3.03%3A_Electrostatic_Force_-_Coulomb's_LawThe magnitude of the force is linearly proportional to the net charge on each object and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. (Interestingly, the force does not depend on...The magnitude of the force is linearly proportional to the net charge on each object and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. (Interestingly, the force does not depend on the mass of the objects.) The direction of the force vector is along the imaginary line joining the two objects and is dictated by the signs of the charges involved.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Grand_Rapids_Community_College/PH246_Calculus_Physics_II_(2025)/01%3A_Electric_Charges_and_Fields/1.04%3A_Coulomb's_LawExperiments with electric charges have shown that if two objects each have electric charge, then they exert an electric force on each other. The magnitude of the force is linearly proportional to the ...Experiments with electric charges have shown that if two objects each have electric charge, then they exert an electric force on each other. The magnitude of the force is linearly proportional to the net charge on each object and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. (Interestingly, the force does not depend on the mass of the objects.) The direction of the force vector is along the imaginary line joining the two objects and is dictated by the signs of the charges.