16.1: Coulomb’s Law and the Electric Field
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A stationary point electric charge q is known to produce a scalar potential
ϕ=q4πϵ0r
a distance r from the charge. The constant ϵ0=8.85×10−12C2 N−1 m−2 is called the permittivity of free space. The vector potential produced by a stationary charge is zero.
The potential energy between two stationary charges is equal to the scalar potential produced by one charge multiplied by the value of the other charge:
U=q1q24πϵ0r
Notice that it doesn’t make any difference whether one multiplies the scalar potential from charge 1 by charge 2 or vice versa – the result is the same.
Since r=(x2+y2+z2)1/2, the electric field produced by a charge is
E=−(∂ϕ∂x,∂ϕ∂y,∂ϕ∂z)=qr4πϵ0r3
where r = (x,y,z) is the vector from the charge to the point where the electric field is being measured. The magnetic field is zero since the vector potential is zero.
The force between two stationary charges separated by a distance r is the value of one charge multiplied by the electric field produced by the other charge. Thus the magnitude of the force is
F=q1q24πϵ0r2( Coulomb's law ),
with the force being repulsive if the charges are of the same sign, and attractive if the signs are opposite. This is called Coulomb’s law.
Equation (???) is the electric equivalent of Newton’s universal law of gravitation. Replacing mass by charge and G by −1/(4πϵ0) in the equation for the gravitational force between two point masses gives us equation (???). The most important aspect of this result is that both the gravitational and electrostatic forces decrease as the square of the distance between the particles.