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- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Fresno_City_College/NATSCI-1A%3A_Natural_Science_for_Educators_Fresno_City_College_(CID%3A_PHYS_140)/21%3A_Physical_and_Chemical_Reactions/21.04%3A_Law_of_Conservation_of_MassOne of these is called the law of conservation of mass, which states that during a chemical reaction, the total mass of the products must be equal to the total mass of the reactants. The law of conser...One of these is called the law of conservation of mass, which states that during a chemical reaction, the total mass of the products must be equal to the total mass of the reactants. The law of conservation of mass states that, during a chemical reaction, the total mass of the products must be equal to the total mass of the reactants. The law of conservation of mass states that, during a chemical reaction, the total ______ of the products must be equal to the total ______ of the reactants.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Fresno_City_College/NATSCI-1A%3A_Natural_Science_for_Educators_Fresno_City_College_(CID%3A_PHYS_140)/19%3A_Covalent_Bonding/19.17%3A_Covalent_BondA molecule is the smallest particle of a covalent compound that still has the properties of the compound. The diagram in the figure below shows an example of covalent bonds between two atoms of the sa...A molecule is the smallest particle of a covalent compound that still has the properties of the compound. The diagram in the figure below shows an example of covalent bonds between two atoms of the same element, in this case two atoms of oxygen. A: The two oxygen atoms share two pairs of electrons, so two covalent bonds hold the oxygen molecule together. A covalent bond is the force of attraction that holds together two atoms that share a pair of valence electrons.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Coalinga_College/Physical_Science_for_Educators_(CID%3A_PHYS_14)/06%3A_Physical_and_Chemical_Reactions/6.04%3A_Law_of_Conservation_of_MassOne of these is called the law of conservation of mass, which states that during a chemical reaction, the total mass of the products must be equal to the total mass of the reactants. The law of conser...One of these is called the law of conservation of mass, which states that during a chemical reaction, the total mass of the products must be equal to the total mass of the reactants. The law of conservation of mass states that, during a chemical reaction, the total mass of the products must be equal to the total mass of the reactants. The law of conservation of mass states that, during a chemical reaction, the total ______ of the products must be equal to the total ______ of the reactants.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Fresno_City_College/NATSCI-1A%3A_Natural_Science_for_Educators_Fresno_City_College_(CID%3A_PHYS_140)/18%3A_Ionic_and_Metallic_Bonding/18.04%3A_Anion_FormationHowever, in reaction with sodium, sodium chloride forms as the sodium atom gives up an electron to chlorine, which accepts the electron to form the chloride anion. A sodium ion is very different from ...However, in reaction with sodium, sodium chloride forms as the sodium atom gives up an electron to chlorine, which accepts the electron to form the chloride anion. A sodium ion is very different from a neon atom, because the nuclei of the two contain different numbers of protons. One is an essential ion that is a part of table salt, while the other is an unreactive gas that is a very small part of the atmosphere.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Fresno_City_College/NATSCI-1A%3A_Natural_Science_for_Educators_Fresno_City_College_(CID%3A_PHYS_140)/19%3A_Covalent_Bonding/19.16%3A_Chemical_BondThe cupcakes that come out of the oven after baking are different from any of the individual ingredients that went into the batter. In the water molecule on the right in the figure above, each hydroge...The cupcakes that come out of the oven after baking are different from any of the individual ingredients that went into the batter. In the water molecule on the right in the figure above, each hydrogen atom shares a pair of electrons with the oxygen atom. A metallic bond is the force of attraction between a positive metal ion and the valence electrons that surround it—both its own valence electrons and those of other ions of the same metal.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Fresno_City_College/NATSCI-1A%3A_Natural_Science_for_Educators_Fresno_City_College_(CID%3A_PHYS_140)/19%3A_Covalent_Bonding/19.02%3A_Covalent_Bonding_in_Polyatomic_IonsLewis structures for polyatomic ions follow the same rules as those for other covalent compounds.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Fresno_City_College/NATSCI-1A%3A_Natural_Science_for_Educators_Fresno_City_College_(CID%3A_PHYS_140)/19%3A_Covalent_Bonding/19.09%3A_Van_der_Waals_ForcesFigure \PageIndex2: Dipole-dipole forces are a result of the attraction of the positive end of one dipole to the negative end of a neighboring dipole. (CC BY-NC 3.0; Joy Sheng via CK-12 Foundati...Figure \PageIndex2: Dipole-dipole forces are a result of the attraction of the positive end of one dipole to the negative end of a neighboring dipole. (CC BY-NC 3.0; Joy Sheng via CK-12 Foundation) Intermolecular forces are nearly nonexistent in the gas state, and so the dispersion forces in chlorine and fluorine only become measurable as the temperature decreases and they condense into the liquid state.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Fresno_City_College/NATSCI-1A%3A_Natural_Science_for_Educators_Fresno_City_College_(CID%3A_PHYS_140)/19%3A_Covalent_Bonding/19.15%3A_Sigma_and_Pi_BondsA pi bond (π bond) is a bond formed by the overlap of orbitals in a side-by-side fashion with the electron density concentrated above and below the plane of the nuclei of the bonding atoms. The ...A pi bond (π bond) is a bond formed by the overlap of orbitals in a side-by-side fashion with the electron density concentrated above and below the plane of the nuclei of the bonding atoms. The pi bond is the "second" bond of the double bonds between the carbon atoms, and is shown as an elongated green lobe that extends both above and below the plane of the molecule.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Fresno_City_College/NATSCI-1A%3A_Natural_Science_for_Educators_Fresno_City_College_(CID%3A_PHYS_140)/19%3A_Covalent_Bonding/19.04%3A_Exceptions_to_the_Octet_RuleEvery spring, millions of Americans file their income tax forms. The different rules determine how much tax a person pays. There are also exceptions to the rules. You pay less tax if you are married a...Every spring, millions of Americans file their income tax forms. The different rules determine how much tax a person pays. There are also exceptions to the rules. You pay less tax if you are married and/or have children. There are certain limits on how much money you can make before paying taxes. The rule is that you pay taxes, but there are also exceptions based on your personal situation. The bonding rules for molecules are generally applicable, but there are some exceptions allowed.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Fresno_City_College/NATSCI-1A%3A_Natural_Science_for_Educators_Fresno_City_College_(CID%3A_PHYS_140)/19%3A_Covalent_Bonding/19.18%3A_Molecular_CompoundsThe force of attraction between the shared electrons and the positive nuclei of both atoms holds the atoms together in the molecule. The covalent bonds of covalent compounds are responsible for many o...The force of attraction between the shared electrons and the positive nuclei of both atoms holds the atoms together in the molecule. The covalent bonds of covalent compounds are responsible for many of the properties of the compounds. A few rules can be applied to name simple covalent compounds: name the left-most element in the periodic table first, add -ide to the second named element, and use prefixes for the numbers of atoms.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Fresno_City_College/NATSCI-1A%3A_Natural_Science_for_Educators_Fresno_City_College_(CID%3A_PHYS_140)/18%3A_Ionic_and_Metallic_Bonding/18.01%3A_Electron_Dot_DiagramsRecall that the valence electrons of an atom are the electrons located in the highest occupied principal energy level. In the p block, the number of valence electrons is equal to the group number ...Recall that the valence electrons of an atom are the electrons located in the highest occupied principal energy level. In the p block, the number of valence electrons is equal to the group number minus ten. Electron dot diagrams are diagrams in which the valence electrons of an atom are shown as dots distributed around the element's symbol. The dot diagrams are the same for each element in the representative element groups.
