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7.6: End of Chapter Key Terms

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Sep 4, 2024
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- 7.5: End of Chapter Activity
- 7.E: Electricity (Exercise)

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Definition: Electricity

Electric Charge: A property of subatomic particles that causes them to experience a force when placed in an electric field; measured in coulombs (C).
Electric Current: The flow of electric charge through a conductor; measured in amperes (A).
Voltage (Electric Potential): The difference in electric potential energy per unit charge between two points; measured in volts (V).
Resistance: The opposition to the flow of electric current through a conductor; measured in ohms (Ω).
Conductor: A material that allows the flow of electric charge, typically metals like copper and aluminum.
Insulator: A material that resists the flow of electric charge, such as rubber, glass, and plastic.
Semiconductor: A material with electrical conductivity between that of a conductor and an insulator, used in electronic devices.
Ohm’s Law: A law stating that the current (I) through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage (V) across the two points and inversely proportional to the resistance (R); expressed as V = IR.
Series Circuit: An electric circuit in which components are connected end-to-end so that the current flows through each component in turn.
Parallel Circuit: An electric circuit in which components are connected across common points or junctions, providing multiple paths for the current.
Direct Current (DC): Electric current that flows in one direction only.
Alternating Current (AC): Electric current that periodically reverses direction.
Power: The rate at which electrical energy is transferred by an electric circuit; measured in watts (W).
Capacitor: An electrical component used to store energy electrostatically in an electric field, consisting of two conductive plates separated by an insulating material.
Inductor: An electrical component that stores energy in a magnetic field when electric current flows through it, typically a coil of wire.
Electric Field: A field around a charged particle that exerts a force on other charged particles.
Electromotive Force (EMF): The energy provided per charge by an energy source, such as a battery or generator; measured in volts (V).
Coulomb’s Law: A law stating that the force between two charged objects is directly proportional to the product of their charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
Electric Potential Energy: The energy a charged particle has due to its position in an electric field.
Circuit Breaker: An automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit.
Fuse: A safety device consisting of a strip of wire that melts and breaks an electric circuit if the current exceeds a safe level.
Grounding: The process of connecting an electrical circuit to the Earth to ensure safety by preventing buildup of voltages that could cause electric shocks.
Short Circuit: A low-resistance connection between two points in an electric circuit, allowing an excessive current to flow.
Superconductor: A material that can conduct electricity without resistance when cooled to very low temperatures.
Electrolysis: A process that uses an electric current to drive a non-spontaneous chemical reaction.
Kirchhoff’s Laws: Two rules regarding the conservation of current and voltage in electrical circuits: Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) states that the total current entering a junction equals the total current leaving; Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) states that the sum of the electrical potential differences around any closed circuit is zero.
Transformers: Electrical devices that transfer electrical energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction, used to increase or decrease voltage levels.
Resistor: An electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of electrical current in an electronic circuit.
Electric Power: The rate at which electrical energy is transferred by an electric circuit, typically expressed as the product of current and voltage (P = IV).
Electromagnetic Induction: The production of an electromotive force across a conductor when it is exposed to a varying magnetic field.
Faraday’s Law: A law stating that the induced electromotive force in any closed circuit is equal to the negative of the time rate of change of the magnetic flux through the circuit.
Lenz’s Law: A law stating that the direction of an induced current is such that it will oppose the change in magnetic flux that produced it.
Electrical Conductivity: The measure of a material’s ability to conduct an electric current.
Dielectric: An insulating material that can be polarized by an electric field, increasing a capacitor's ability to store charge.
Electrostatic Force: The force between two charges at rest, described by Coulomb’s Law.
Ampere: The unit of electric current in the International System of Units (SI), equivalent to one coulomb per second.
Volt: The unit of electric potential difference and electromotive force in the International System of Units (SI), equivalent to one joule per coulomb.
Ohm: The unit of electrical resistance in the International System of Units (SI), equivalent to one volt per ampere.
Watt: The unit of power in the International System of Units (SI), equivalent to one joule per second.

Definition: Electricity

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