2.1: Rays, media, boundaries
- Page ID
- 128446
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In media, and especially in condensed phases, EM radiation interacts with electrons and this slows the speed of light to less than c. At the interface between media, some light is transmitted and some reflected. Transmission and reflection depend on the material and also on wavelength. Absorption of some visible wavelengths makes a medium coloured.
- EM radiation is slowed in media.
- This produces refraction and reflection.
- Refraction depends on wavelength.
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Links to related material |
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| Snells law and refraction Refraction at a plane interface. Derivation of Snell's law. Experimental determination of refractive index. Examples. |
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| Newton's prisms Dispersing white light into component colours, then recombinging them. |
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| Mirages and the Green Flash Refraction from air with a thermally induced density gradient. Inferior mirages. 'Floating islands. The green flash. |
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| Dispersion and chromatic aberration The refractive index varies with wavelength, therefore so does the focal length of a simple lens, giving chromatic dispersion in the image. |
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| Total internal reflection No refraction if the angle of incidence exceeds the critical angle. |
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| Optical fibres and cladding Total internal reflection in an optical fiber. Adding cladding reduces pulse broadening. |
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| Chromatic dispersion, rainbows and Alexander's dark band Dispersion on refraction produces rainbows. One internal reflection gives the primary (40°) rainbow, two gives the secondary (50°) bow. |
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| Colour of the sky Scattering varies strongly with wavelength. Scattered light gives the blue of the sky, and the unscattered light gives the red or orange of a sunset. |
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| Mirrors and images Plane mirrors and virtual images. Inverted images. Real images in a concave mirror. Parabolic reflectors. Fermat's principle. Focusing with mirrors. Aberration. The mirror equation. Convex mirrors. Distortion. |
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| Lenses and images Focussing and forming images with lenses. How to draw ray diagrams. Relating object and image distance to focal length (theory and experiment). |
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| Microscopes and magnifiers The magnifier or simple microscope. The compound microscope and ray diagrams. |
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| Reflecting Newtonian telescope Parabolic reflector and the Newtonian or reflecting telescope. |
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| Refracting telescope Refracting telescope: two converging lenses produces a virtual, inverted image. |
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| Acoustic telescope Parabolic reflector for sound. Compare with Newtonian telescope. Wavelength limitations. |
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Geometrical Optics Experiments |
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