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# 12.3: Electrical Analogue

Suppose that an alternating potential difference $$E=\hat{E}\sin\omega t$$ is applied across an LCR circuit. We refer to Equation 11.6.3, and we see that the equation that governs the charge on the capacitor is

$L\ddot{Q}+R\dot{Q}+\frac{Q}{C}=\hat{E}\sin\omega t. \label{12.3.1}$

We can differentiate both sides with respect to time, and divide by $$L$$, and hence see that the current is given by

$\ddot{I}+\frac{R}{L}\dot{I}+\frac{1}{LC}I=\frac{\hat{E}\omega}{L}\cos\omega t. \label{12.3.2}$

We can compare this directly with Equation 12.2.2, so that we have

$\gamma = \frac{R}{L},\quad \omega_{0}^{2}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{LC}},\quad \hat{f}=\frac{\hat{E}\omega}{L}. \label{12.3.3}$

Then, by comparison with Equation 12.2.5, we see that I will lag behind $$E$$ by $$\alpha$$, where

$\tan\alpha =\frac{\frac{R\omega}{L}}{\frac{1}{LC}-\omega^{2}}=\frac{R}{\frac{1}{C\omega}-L\omega}. \label{12.3.4}$

This is just what we obtain from the more familiar complex number approach to alternating current circuits.