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14.1: Numerical Constants

Last updated

Jan 30, 2021
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- 14: Appendices
- 14.2: Complex Numbers and Sinusoidal Representation

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Fundamental Constants

c	velocity of light	2.998 × 10⁸ m/s
$\varepsilon_{\mathrm{o}}$	permittivity of free space	8.854 × 10^-12 F/m
$\mu_{\mathrm o}$	permeability of free space	4 $\pi$ × 10^-7 H/m
$\eta_{\mathrm o}$	characteristic impedance of free space	376.7 $\Omega$
e	charge of an electron, (-e.v./Joule)	-1.6008 × 10^-19 C
m	mass of an electron	9.1066 × 10^-31 kg
m_p	mass of a proton	1.6725 × 10^-27 kg
h	Planck constant	6.624 × 10^-34 J⋅s
k	Boltzmann constant	1.3805 × 10^-23 J/K
N_o	Avogadro’s constant	6.022 × 10²³ molec/mole
R	Universal gas constant	8. 31 J/mole⋅K

A.2 Electrical Conductivity σ, S/m

Silver	6.14 × 10⁷	Monel	0.24 × 10⁷
Copper	5.80 × 10⁷	Mercury	0.1 × 10⁷
Gold	4.10 × 10⁷	Sea Water	3 – 5
Aluminum	3.54 × 10⁷	Distilled Water	2 × 10^-4
Tungsten	1.81 × 10⁷	Bakelite	10^-8 – 10^-10
Brass	1.57 × 10⁷	Glass	10^-12
Nickel	1.28 × 10⁷	Mica	10^-11 – 10^-15
Iron (pure)	1.0 × 10⁷	Petroleum	10^-14
Steel	0.5 – 1.0 × 10⁷	Fused Quartz	<2 × 10^-17
Lead	0.48 × 10⁷

Relative Dielectric Constant ε/ε_o at 1 MHz

Vacuum	1.00	Vycor glass	3.8
Styrofoam (25% filler)	1.03	Low-loss glass	4.1
Firwood	1.8 – 2.0	Ice	4.15
Paper	2.0 – 3.0	Pyrex glass	5.1
Petroleum	2.1	Muscovite (mica)	5.4
Paraffin	2.1	Mica	5.6 – 6.0
Teflon	2.1	Magnesium silicate	5.7 – 6.4
Vaseline	2.16	Porcelain	5.7
Rubber	2.3 – 4.0	Aluminum oxide	8.8
Polystyrene	2.55	Diamond	16.5
Sandy soil	2.6	Ethyl alcohol	24.5
Plexiglas	2.6 – 3.5	Distilled water	81.1
Fused quartz	3.78	Titanium dioxide	100

Relative Permeability μ/μ_o

Vacuum	1
Biological tissue	1
Cold steel	2,000
Iron (99.91%)	5,000
Purified iron (99.95%)	180,000
mu metal (FeNiCrCu)	100,000
Supermalloy (FeNiMoMn)	800,000

Fundamental Constants

A.2 Electrical Conductivity σ, S/m

Relative Dielectric Constant ε/εo at 1 MHz

Relative Permeability μ/μo

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Relative Dielectric Constant ε/ε_o at 1 MHz

Relative Permeability μ/μ_o