15.1: Casimir effect - forces from nothing
( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\)
For many quantum systems, such as the harmonic oscillator, there is still some energy associated with the lowest quantum state. This “zero-point” energy is real, and can be measured in the ‘Casimir effect’. There is a force between two metallic plates in a vacuum, because moving them would change the wavelength/energy of the zero-point quantised electromagnetic waves between them: this change in energy in response to a move equates to a force.
The wavefunction for transverse standing electromagnetic waves between plates of area A separated by a in the z-direction is:
Φn= exp[i(k.r−ωnt)]sin(knz)
where k lies in the xy plane and kn=nπ/a. The energy is En=ℏωn=hc/λ=ℏc√k2+k2n
and the force per unit area is F=−dEda=dda(ℏ∫∑∞n=1ωn)dkxdky/(2π)2=−ℏcπ2240a4
Solving this involves a trick of multiplying each term by |ωn|−s, then taking the limit of s=0. This tiny attractive force has now been measured (Bressi, Phys.Rev Letters, 2002)