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Physics LibreTexts

15.1: Casimir effect - forces from nothing

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For many quantum systems, such as the harmonic oscillator, there is still some energy associated with the lowest quantum state. This “zero-point” energy is real, and can be measured in the ‘Casimir effect’. There is a force between two metallic plates in a vacuum, because moving them would change the wavelength/energy of the zero-point quantised electromagnetic waves between them: this change in energy in response to a move equates to a force.

The wavefunction for transverse standing electromagnetic waves between plates of area A separated by a in the z-direction is:

Φn= exp[i(k.rωnt)]sin(knz)

where k lies in the xy plane and kn=nπ/a. The energy is En=ωn=hc/λ=ck2+k2n

and the force per unit area is F=dEda=dda(n=1ωn)dkxdky/(2π)2=cπ2240a4

Solving this involves a trick of multiplying each term by |ωn|s, then taking the limit of s=0. This tiny attractive force has now been measured (Bressi, Phys.Rev Letters, 2002)


This page titled 15.1: Casimir effect - forces from nothing is shared under a CC BY 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Graeme Ackland via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform.

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