# 4.10: Motion Along a Straight Line (Summary)


## Key Terms

 acceleration due to gravity acceleration of an object as a result of gravity average acceleration the rate of change in velocity; the change in velocity over time average speed the total distance traveled divided by elapsed time average velocity the displacement divided by the time over which displacement occurs displacement the change in position of an object distance traveled the total length of the path traveled between two positions elapsed time the difference between the ending time and the beginning time free fall the state of movement that results from gravitational force only instantaneous acceleration acceleration at a specific point in time instantaneous speed the absolute value of the instantaneous velocity instantaneous velocity the velocity at a specific instant or time point kinematics the description of motion through properties such as position, time, velocity, and acceleration position the location of an object at a particular time total displacement the sum of individual displacements over a given time period two-body pursuit problem a kinematics problem in which the unknowns are calculated by solving the kinematic equations simultaneously for two moving objects

## Key Equations

 Displacement $$\Delta x = x_{f} - x_{i}$$ Total displacement $$\Delta x_{Total} = \sum \Delta x_{i}$$ Average velocity $$\bar{v} = \frac{\Delta x}{\Delta t} = \frac{x_{2} - x_{1}}{t_{2} - t_{1}}$$ Instantaneous velocity $$v(t) = \frac{dx(t)}{dt}$$ Average speed $$\bar{s} = \frac{Total\; distance}{Elapsed\; time}$$ Instantaneous speed $$Instantaneous\; speed = |v(t)|$$ Average acceleration $$\bar{a} = \frac{\Delta v}{\Delta t} = \frac{v_{f} - x_{0}}{t_{f} - t_{0}}$$ Instantaneous acceleration $$a(t) = \frac{dv(t)}{dt}$$ Position from average velocity $$x = x_{0} + \bar{v} t$$ Average velocity $$\bar{v} = \frac{v_{0} + v}{2}$$ Velocity from acceleration $$v = v_{0} + at\; (constant\; a)$$ Position from velocity and acceleration $$x = x_{0} + v_{0} t + \frac{1}{2} at^{2}\; (constant\; a)$$ Velocity from distance $$v^{2} = v_{0}^{2} + 2a(x - x_{0})\; (constant\; a)$$ Velocity of free fall $$v = v_{0} − gt (positive\; upward)$$ Height of free fall $$y = y_{0} + v_{0} t − \frac{1}{2} gt^{2}$$ Velocity of free fall from height $$v^{2} = v_{0}^{2} - 2g(y - y_{0})$$ Velocity from acceleration $$v(t) = \int a(t)dt + C_{1}$$ Position from velocity $$x(t) = \int v(t)dt + C_{2}$$

## Summary

### 3.1 Position, Displacement, and Average Velocity

• Kinematics is the description of motion without considering its causes. In this chapter, it is limited to motion along a straight line, called one-dimensional motion.
• Displacement is the change in position of an object. The SI unit for displacement is the meter. Displacement has direction as well as magnitude.
• Distance traveled is the total length of the path traveled between two positions.
• Time is measured in terms of change. The time between two position points x1 and x2 is $$\Delta$$t = t2 − t1. Elapsed time for an event is $$\Delta$$t = tf − t0, where tf is the final time and t0 is the initial time. The initial time is often taken to be zero.
• Average velocity $$\bar{v}$$ is defined as displacement divided by elapsed time. If x1, t1 and x2, t2 are two position time points, the average velocity between these points is

$\bar{v} = \frac{\Delta x}{\Delta t} = \frac{x_{2} - x_{1}}{t_{2} - t_{1}} \ldotp$

### 3.2 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed

• Instantaneous velocity is a continuous function of time and gives the velocity at any point in time during a particle’s motion. We can calculate the instantaneous velocity at a specific time by taking the derivative of the position function, which gives us the functional form of instantaneous velocity v(t).
• Instantaneous velocity is a vector and can be negative.
• Instantaneous speed is found by taking the absolute value of instantaneous velocity, and it is always positive.
• Average speed is total distance traveled divided by elapsed time.
• The slope of a position-versus-time graph at a specific time gives instantaneous velocity at that time.

### 3.3 Average and Instantaneous Acceleration

• Acceleration is the rate at which velocity changes. Acceleration is a vector; it has both a magnitude and direction. The SI unit for acceleration is meters per second squared.
• Acceleration can be caused by a change in the magnitude or the direction of the velocity, or both.
• Instantaneous acceleration a(t) is a continuous function of time and gives the acceleration at any specific time during the motion. It is calculated from the derivative of the velocity function. Instantaneous acceleration is the slope of the velocity-versus-time graph.
• Negative acceleration (sometimes called deceleration) is acceleration in the negative direction in the chosen coordinate system.

### 3.4 Motion with Constant Acceleration

• When analyzing one-dimensional motion with constant acceleration, identify the known quantities and choose the appropriate equations to solve for the unknowns. Either one or two of the kinematic equations are needed to solve for the unknowns, depending on the known and unknown quantities.
• Two-body pursuit problems always require two equations to be solved simultaneously for the unknowns.

### 3.5 Free Fall

• An object in free fall experiences constant acceleration if air resistance is negligible.
• On Earth, all free-falling objects have an acceleration g due to gravity, which averages g = 9.81 m/s2.
• For objects in free fall, the upward direction is normally taken as positive for displacement, velocity, and acceleration.

### 3.6 Finding Velocity and Displacement from Acceleration

• Integral calculus gives us a more complete formulation of kinematics.
• If acceleration a(t) is known, we can use integral calculus to derive expressions for velocity v(t) and position x(t).
• If acceleration is constant, the integral equations reduce to Equation 3.12 and Equation 3.13 for motion with constant acceleration.