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6.2: Electromotive Force
https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Muhlenberg_College/Physics_122%3A_General_Physics_II_(Collett)/06%3A_Direct-Current_Circuits/6.02%3A_Electromotive_Force
All voltage sources have two fundamental parts: a source of electrical energy that has a electromotive force (emf) and an internal resistance r. The emf is the work done per charge to keep the potenti...All voltage sources have two fundamental parts: a source of electrical energy that has a electromotive force (emf) and an internal resistance r. The emf is the work done per charge to keep the potential difference of a source constant. The emf is equal to the potential difference across the terminals when no current is flowing. The internal resistance r of a voltage source affects the output voltage when a current flows. The voltage output of a device is called its terminal voltage.
6.1: Electromotive Force
https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Georgia_State_University/GSU-TM-Physics_II_(2212)/06%3A_Resistive_Networks/6.01%3A_Electromotive_Force
Entering the given values for the emf, load resistance, and internal resistance into the expression above yields $I = \frac{\epsilon}{R + r} = \frac{12.00 \, V}{10.10 \, \Omega} = 1.188 \, A.$ Enter...Entering the given values for the emf, load resistance, and internal resistance into the expression above yields $I = \frac{\epsilon}{R + r} = \frac{12.00 \, V}{10.10 \, \Omega} = 1.188 \, A.$ Enter the known values into the equation $V_{terminal} = \epsilon - Ir$ to get the terminal voltage: $V_{terminal} = \epsilon - Ir = 12.00 \, V - (1.188 \, A)(0.100 \, \Omega) = 11.90 \, V.$ The terminal voltage here is only slightly lower than the emf, implying that the current drawn by this light l…
5.2: Electromotive Force
https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Bowdoin_College/Phys1140%3A_Introductory_Physics_II%3A_Part_1/05%3A_Direct_Current_Circuits/5.02%3A_Electromotive_Force
All voltage sources have two fundamental parts: a source of electrical energy that has a electromotive force (emf) and an internal resistance r. The emf is the work done per charge to keep the potenti...All voltage sources have two fundamental parts: a source of electrical energy that has a electromotive force (emf) and an internal resistance r. The emf is the work done per charge to keep the potential difference of a source constant. The emf is equal to the potential difference across the terminals when no current is flowing. The internal resistance r of a voltage source affects the output voltage when a current flows. The voltage output of a device is called its terminal voltage.
21.2: Electromotive Force - Terminal Voltage
https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/College_Physics/College_Physics_1e_(OpenStax)/21%3A_Circuits_Bioelectricity_and_DC_Instruments/21.02%3A_Electromotive_Force_-_Terminal_Voltage
If you connect an excessive number of 12-V lights in parallel to a car battery, they will be dim even when the battery is fresh and even if the wires to the lights have very low resistance. This impli...If you connect an excessive number of 12-V lights in parallel to a car battery, they will be dim even when the battery is fresh and even if the wires to the lights have very low resistance. This implies that the battery’s output voltage is reduced by the overload. The reason for the decrease in output voltage for depleted or overloaded batteries is that all voltage sources have two fundamental parts—a source of electrical energy and an internal resistance. This section examines both.
6.1: Electromotive Force
https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Georgia_State_University/GSU-TM-Introductory_Physics_II_(1112)/06%3A_Resistive_Networks/6.01%3A_Electromotive_Force
Entering the given values for the emf, load resistance, and internal resistance into the expression above yields $I = \frac{\epsilon}{R + r} = \frac{12.00 \, V}{10.10 \, \Omega} = 1.188 \, A.$ Enter...Entering the given values for the emf, load resistance, and internal resistance into the expression above yields $I = \frac{\epsilon}{R + r} = \frac{12.00 \, V}{10.10 \, \Omega} = 1.188 \, A.$ Enter the known values into the equation $V_{terminal} = \epsilon - Ir$ to get the terminal voltage: $V_{terminal} = \epsilon - Ir = 12.00 \, V - (1.188 \, A)(0.100 \, \Omega) = 11.90 \, V.$ The terminal voltage here is only slightly lower than the emf, implying that the current drawn by this light l…
6.2: Source Voltage
https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Kettering_University/Electricity_and_Magnetism_with_Applications_to_Amateur_Radio_and_Wireless_Technology/06%3A_Direct-Current_(DC)_Resistor_Circuits/6.02%3A_Source_Voltage
All voltage sources have two fundamental parts: a source of electrical energy that has a source voltage and an internal resistance. The source voltage is the work done per charge to keep the potential...All voltage sources have two fundamental parts: a source of electrical energy that has a source voltage and an internal resistance. The source voltage is the work done per charge to keep the potential difference of a source constant. The source voltage is equal to the potential difference across the terminals when no current is flowing. The internal resistance of a voltage source affects the output voltage when a current flows. The voltage output of a device is called its terminal voltage.
11.2: Electromotive Force
https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Joliet_Junior_College/PHYS202_-_JJC_-_Testing/11%3A_Chapter_11/11.02%3A_Electromotive_Force
All voltage sources have two fundamental parts: a source of electrical energy that has a electromotive force (emf) and an internal resistance r. The emf is the work done per charge to keep the potenti...All voltage sources have two fundamental parts: a source of electrical energy that has a electromotive force (emf) and an internal resistance r. The emf is the work done per charge to keep the potential difference of a source constant. The emf is equal to the potential difference across the terminals when no current is flowing. The internal resistance r of a voltage source affects the output voltage when a current flows. The voltage output of a device is called its terminal voltage.
8.7: Circuit Problem Solving
https://phys.libretexts.org/Workbench/Physics_3A/08%3A_Flow_Transport_and_Exponential/8.07%3A_Circuit_Problem_Solving
We outline methods for solving circuit problems, starting with calculating equivalent resistance by combining resistors in series and parallel. By analyzing loops for voltage drops and junctions for c...We outline methods for solving circuit problems, starting with calculating equivalent resistance by combining resistors in series and parallel. By analyzing loops for voltage drops and junctions for current distribution, we solve for total current and voltages across resistors. Examples include predicting effects of circuit changes like shorted or burnt-out components, helping simplify complex circuit analysis.
10.2: Electromotive Force
https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/University_Physics_(OpenStax)/University_Physics_II_-_Thermodynamics_Electricity_and_Magnetism_(OpenStax)/10%3A_Direct-Current_Circuits/10.02%3A_Electromotive_Force
All voltage sources have two fundamental parts: a source of electrical energy that has a electromotive force (emf) and an internal resistance r. The emf is the work done per charge to keep the potenti...All voltage sources have two fundamental parts: a source of electrical energy that has a electromotive force (emf) and an internal resistance r. The emf is the work done per charge to keep the potential difference of a source constant. The emf is equal to the potential difference across the terminals when no current is flowing. The internal resistance r of a voltage source affects the output voltage when a current flows. The voltage output of a device is called its terminal voltage.
5.6: Circuit Problem Solving
https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_California_Davis/UCD%3A_Physics_7B_-_General_Physics/5%3A_Flow_Transport_and_Exponential_-_working_copy/5.06%3A_Circuit_Problem_Solving
We present circuit problem-solving techniques and demonstrate them with multiple examples.
6.7.3: Electromotive Force - Terminal Voltage
https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Georgia_State_University/GSU-TM-Introductory_Physics_II_(1112)/06%3A_Resistive_Networks/6.07%3A_Circuits_Bioelectricity_and_DC_Instruments/6.7.03%3A_Electromotive_Force_-_Terminal_Voltage
If you connect an excessive number of 12-V lights in parallel to a car battery, they will be dim even when the battery is fresh and even if the wires to the lights have very low resistance. This impli...If you connect an excessive number of 12-V lights in parallel to a car battery, they will be dim even when the battery is fresh and even if the wires to the lights have very low resistance. This implies that the battery’s output voltage is reduced by the overload. The reason for the decrease in output voltage for depleted or overloaded batteries is that all voltage sources have two fundamental parts—a source of electrical energy and an internal resistance. This section examines both.

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