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- https://phys.libretexts.org/Workbench/NATSCI-1A/PHYSC-11_Text_(FCC)/06%3A_Circular_Motion_and_Gravity/6.01%3A_Circular_MotionThe acceleration in the case of uniform circular motion is the change in the direction of the velocity, but not its magnitude. For an object traveling in a circular path, the centripetal acceleration ...The acceleration in the case of uniform circular motion is the change in the direction of the velocity, but not its magnitude. For an object traveling in a circular path, the centripetal acceleration is directly related to the square of the velocity of the object and inversely related to the radius of the circle. We first determine the velocity of the ball using the facts that the circumference of the circle is 2πr and the ball goes around exactly twice per second.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Workbench/NATSCI-1A/PHYSC-11_Text_(FCC)/19%3A_Covalent_Bonding/19.17%3A_Covalent_BondA molecule is the smallest particle of a covalent compound that still has the properties of the compound. The diagram in the figure below shows an example of covalent bonds between two atoms of the sa...A molecule is the smallest particle of a covalent compound that still has the properties of the compound. The diagram in the figure below shows an example of covalent bonds between two atoms of the same element, in this case two atoms of oxygen. A: The two oxygen atoms share two pairs of electrons, so two covalent bonds hold the oxygen molecule together. The shared electrons are attracted to both oxygen nuclei, and this force of attraction holds the two atoms together in the oxygen molecule.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Workbench/NATSCI-1A/PHYSC-11_Text_(FCC)/18%3A_Ionic_and_Metallic_Bonding/18.04%3A_Anion_FormationSodium ions are most commonly found in crystals of sodium chloride—ordinary table salt. (Credit: (A) Andy Wright (Flickr: rightee); (B) Kevin Dooley;User:Bugman/Wikipedia; Source: (A) http://www.flick...Sodium ions are most commonly found in crystals of sodium chloride—ordinary table salt. (Credit: (A) Andy Wright (Flickr: rightee); (B) Kevin Dooley;User:Bugman/Wikipedia; Source: (A) http://www.flickr.com/photos/rightee/4356950/(opens in new window); (B) http://www.flickr.com/photos/pagedooley/2769134850/(opens in new window); http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ion_exchange_resin_beads.jpg(opens in new window); License: CC by 2.0(opens in new window))
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Workbench/NATSCI-1A/PHYSC-11_Text_(FCC)/13%3A_Fluids/13.01%3A_Fluid_PressureTherefore, the pressure of a column of fluid is proportional to the density of the fluid and to the height of the column of fluid above the level. The pressure of a column of fluid is proportional to ...Therefore, the pressure of a column of fluid is proportional to the density of the fluid and to the height of the column of fluid above the level. The pressure of a column of fluid is proportional to the density of the fluid and to the height of the column of fluid above the level, P=ρgh. If you push the head of a nail against your skin and then push the point of the same nail against your skin with the same force, the point of the nail may pierce your skin while the head of the nail will not.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Workbench/NATSCI-1A/PHYSC-11_Text_(FCC)/19%3A_Covalent_Bonding/19.16%3A_Chemical_BondThe cupcakes that come out of the oven after baking are different from any of the individual ingredients that went into the batter. In the water molecule on the right in the figure above, each hydroge...The cupcakes that come out of the oven after baking are different from any of the individual ingredients that went into the batter. In the water molecule on the right in the figure above, each hydrogen atom shares a pair of electrons with the oxygen atom. A metallic bond is the force of attraction between a positive metal ion and the valence electrons that surround it—both its own valence electrons and those of other ions of the same metal.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Workbench/NATSCI-1A/PHYSC-11_Text_(FCC)/13%3A_FluidsThumbnail: pixabay.com/photos/splashing-splash-aqua-water-165192/
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Workbench/NATSCI-1A/PHYSC-11_Text_(FCC)/19%3A_Covalent_Bonding/19.15%3A_Sigma_and_Pi_BondsA pi bond (π bond) is a bond formed by the overlap of orbitals in a side-by-side fashion with the electron density concentrated above and below the plane of the nuclei of the bonding atoms. The ...A pi bond (π bond) is a bond formed by the overlap of orbitals in a side-by-side fashion with the electron density concentrated above and below the plane of the nuclei of the bonding atoms. The pi bond is the "second" bond of the double bonds between the carbon atoms, and is shown as an elongated green lobe that extends both above and below the plane of the molecule.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Workbench/NATSCI-1A/PHYSC-11_Text_(FCC)/19%3A_Covalent_Bonding/19.04%3A_Exceptions_to_the_Octet_RuleEvery spring, millions of Americans file their income tax forms. The different rules determine how much tax a person pays. There are also exceptions to the rules. You pay less tax if you are married a...Every spring, millions of Americans file their income tax forms. The different rules determine how much tax a person pays. There are also exceptions to the rules. You pay less tax if you are married and/or have children. There are certain limits on how much money you can make before paying taxes. The rule is that you pay taxes, but there are also exceptions based on your personal situation. The bonding rules for molecules are generally applicable, but there are some exceptions allowed.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Workbench/NATSCI-1A/PHYSC-11_Text_(FCC)/19%3A_Covalent_Bonding/19.18%3A_Molecular_CompoundsThe force of attraction between the shared electrons and the positive nuclei of both atoms holds the atoms together in the molecule. The covalent bonds of covalent compounds are responsible for many o...The force of attraction between the shared electrons and the positive nuclei of both atoms holds the atoms together in the molecule. The covalent bonds of covalent compounds are responsible for many of the properties of the compounds. A few rules can be applied to name simple covalent compounds: name the left-most element in the periodic table first, add -ide to the second named element, and use prefixes for the numbers of atoms.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Workbench/NATSCI-1A/PHYSC-11_Text_(FCC)/19%3A_Covalent_Bonding/19.09%3A_Van_der_Waals_ForcesFigure \PageIndex2: Dipole-dipole forces are a result of the attraction of the positive end of one dipole to the negative end of a neighboring dipole. (Credit: Joy Sheng; Source: CK-12 Foundatio...Figure \PageIndex2: Dipole-dipole forces are a result of the attraction of the positive end of one dipole to the negative end of a neighboring dipole. (Credit: Joy Sheng; Source: CK-12 Foundation; License: CC BY-NC 3.0(opens in new window)) Intermolecular forces are nearly nonexistent in the gas state, and so the dispersion forces in chlorine and fluorine only become measurable as the temperature decreases and they condense into the liquid state.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Workbench/NATSCI-1A/PHYSC-11_Text_(FCC)/19%3A_Covalent_Bonding/19.02%3A_Covalent_Bonding_in_Polyatomic_IonsLewis structures for polyatomic ions follow the same rules as those for other covalent compounds.
