# 6.3: Forces in the Elbow Joint


In the previous chapter we found the biceps tension force in our example problem to be 430 lbs! You may have noticed that when we found the biceps tension we completely ignored the forces acting on the elbow joint. We were allowed to do this because forces acting on the fulcrum of a lever don’t cause the lever to rotate. Just because the forces on the elbow don’t cause rotation, that doesn’t mean they aren’t important. Those forces can certainly damage the joint if they get too large. Let’s try to find out how big those forces are for our example problem.

The elbow joint flexed to form a 60° angle between the upper arm and forearm while the hand holds a 50 lb ball . Image Credit: Openstax University Physics

In our example of holding a weight in the hand the forearm is not moving and it’s in equilibrium so it can’t start moving. The forearm is in static equilibrium. Structures in static equilibrium have no net force, no net torque, and they aren’t moving. These structures won’t move unless a new force pushes them out of equilibrium.

The forearm is holding still and not moving so it must be in static equilibrium and all the vertical forces must be canceling out. If the vertical forces didn’t cancel out the forearm would begin to move up or down. We already know that the weight of the ball is 50 lbs downward and the bicep tension is 433 lbs upward. The weight cancels 50 lbs worth of the muscle tension, leaving behind a remaining 483 lbs of upward force. The forearm is in static equilibrium, so the vertical force on the end of the forearm at the elbow must cancel out this 483 lbs upward force, meaning that the vertical force on the elbow end of the forearm is 483 lbs downward. This force comes from the upper arm bone (humerus) pushing down on the end of the forearm bones (radius and ulna). Adjusting our significant figures, we should report this force as 480 lbs.

#### Reinforcement Exercises

Draw a free body diagram of the elbow showing the forces from the ball weight, the bicep tension, and the upper arm pushing on the forearm. The values for all of these forces are given in the previous paragraph.

## Horizontal Elbow Forces

The horizontal forces must all cancel out because the forearm is in static equilibrium, but there are no horizontal forces in our example to begin with, so that’s it. We’re finished analyzing the forces on the forearm while holding a 50 lb ball!

1. OpenStax University Physics, University Physics Volume 1. OpenStax CNX. Jul 11, 2018 [1]http://cnx.org/contents/d50f6e32-0fda-46ef-a362-9bd36ca7c97d@10.18.

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