1.7: End of Chapter Key Terms
- Page ID
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)Elemental Beginnings: Foundations of Physics and Chemistry Key Terms
- Control Group: A group in an experiment that does not receive the experimental treatment or change in the independent variable, serving as a baseline to compare the effects of the independent variable.
- Dependent Variable: The variable that is measured or observed in an experiment, potentially influenced by changes in the independent variable.
- Experiments: Systematic methods of making observations or measurements under controlled conditions, ideally with only one variable altered at a time.
- Hypothesis: A tentative explanation for an observation or set of observations that can be tested through further investigation.
- Independent Variable: The variable that the scientist deliberately changes to observe its effect, representing the cause in a cause-and-effect relationship.
- Junk Science or Pseudoscience: Research or claims presented as scientific but lacking rigorous standards and peer review, often with predetermined conclusions or biased interpretations.
- Law: A verbal or mathematical description of a phenomenon that allows for general predictions, describing what happens without explaining why.
- Manipulative Experiment: An experiment in which a single variable is deliberately changed under controlled conditions to isolate its effect on another variable.
- Negative Controls: Parts of an experiment designed to give a negative result, showing that the experiment is capable of producing a negative result when it is supposed.
- Observational Science: A scientific approach where phenomena are studied without manipulation, often due to the impracticality of controlled experiments, such as in astronomy.
- Observations: Initial steps in the scientific method, which can be qualitative (describing properties or occurrences without numbers) or quantitative (measurements consisting of numbers and units).
- Positive Controls: Parts of an experiment designed to give a positive result, demonstrating that the experiment is capable of producing a positive result when it is supposed to.
- Qualitative Observations: Descriptions of properties or occurrences that do not rely on numerical measurements, such as the color of sulfur crystals.
- Quantitative Observations: Measurements that consist of both a number and a unit, such as the melting point of a substance.
- Scientific Method: A procedure for searching for answers to questions and solutions to problems through making observations, formulating hypotheses, designing experiments, and collecting data in repeated cycles.
- Spontaneous Generation: An outdated hypothesis suggesting that non-living material can spontaneously transform into living organisms, disproven by experiments such as those conducted by Louis Pasteur.
- Theory: A broad explanation for a phenomenon that has been well-tested, supported by repeated experiments, and widely accepted, explaining why nature behaves as it does.
- Treatment Group(s): Groups in an experiment where the independent variable is manipulated to various degrees to observe the changes that occur in the dependent variable.