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- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/College_Physics/College_Physics_1e_(OpenStax)/24%3A_Electromagnetic_Waves/24.01%3A_Maxwells_Equations-_Electromagnetic_Waves_Predicted_and_ObservedElectromagnetic waves consist of oscillating electric and magnetic fields and propagate at the speed of light \(c\). They were predicted by Maxwell, who also showed that \[c = \frac{1}{\sqrt{\mu_{0} \...Electromagnetic waves consist of oscillating electric and magnetic fields and propagate at the speed of light \(c\). They were predicted by Maxwell, who also showed that \[c = \frac{1}{\sqrt{\mu_{0} \epsilon_{0}}},\] where \(mu_{0}\) is the permeability of free space and \(\epsilon_{0}\) is the permitivity of free space. Maxwell’s prediction of electromagnetic waves resulted from his formulation of a complete and symmetric theory of electricity and magnetism, known as Maxwell’s equations.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Georgia_State_University/GSU-TM-Introductory_Physics_II_(1112)/03%3A_Electric_Charge_and_Electric_Field/3.06%3A_Electric_Field_LinesNote that the electric field is defined for a positive test charge \(q\), so that the field lines point away from a positive charge and toward a negative charge. (Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\)) The electri...Note that the electric field is defined for a positive test charge \(q\), so that the field lines point away from a positive charge and toward a negative charge. (Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\)) The electric field strength is exactly proportional to the number of field lines per unit area, since the magnitude of the electric field for a point charge is \(E=k|Q|/r^{2}\) and area is proportional to \(r^{2}\).
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Coalinga_College/Physical_Science_for_Educators_(CID%3A_PHYS_14)/11%3A_Electricity/11.03%3A_Static_Electricity/11.3.04%3A_Electric_Field_LinesNote that the electric field is defined for a positive test charge \(q\), so that the field lines point away from a positive charge and toward a negative charge. (See Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\).) The el...Note that the electric field is defined for a positive test charge \(q\), so that the field lines point away from a positive charge and toward a negative charge. (See Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\).) The electric field strength is exactly proportional to the number of field lines per unit area, since the magnitude of the electric field for a point charge is \(E=k|Q| / r^{2}\) and area is proportional to \(r^{2}\).
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Electricity_and_Magnetism/Electromagnetics_and_Applications_(Staelin)/01%3A_Introduction_to_electromagnetics_and_electromagnetic_fieldsThis page outlines key concepts in electromagnetism, including electromagnetic forces, measurements of fields, and fundamental laws like Gauss's Law and Ampere's Law. It discusses the nature of electr...This page outlines key concepts in electromagnetism, including electromagnetic forces, measurements of fields, and fundamental laws like Gauss's Law and Ampere's Law. It discusses the nature of electrostatic and magnetostatic fields, as well as visualizing electric field lines and equipotential lines for two point charges.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/College_Physics/College_Physics_1e_(OpenStax)/18%3A_Electric_Charge_and_Electric_Field/18.05%3A_Electric_Field_Lines-_Multiple_ChargesDrawings using lines to represent electric fields around charged objects are very useful in visualizing field strength and direction. Since the electric field has both magnitude and direction, it is a...Drawings using lines to represent electric fields around charged objects are very useful in visualizing field strength and direction. Since the electric field has both magnitude and direction, it is a vector. Like all vectors, the electric field can be represented by an arrow that has length proportional to its magnitude and that points in the correct direction. (We have used arrows extensively to represent force vectors, for example.)
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Electricity_and_Magnetism/Electromagnetics_and_Applications_(Staelin)/04%3A_Static_and_Quasistatic_FieldsThis page discusses static and quasistatic fields, covering topics such as mirror image charges, field relaxation, skin depth, static fields in inhomogeneous materials, Laplace’s equation, and field m...This page discusses static and quasistatic fields, covering topics such as mirror image charges, field relaxation, skin depth, static fields in inhomogeneous materials, Laplace’s equation, and field mapping. It includes an illustrative thumbnail showing electric field lines affected by point charges and perfect electrical conductors (PEC).
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Kettering_University/Electricity_and_Magnetism_with_Applications_to_Amateur_Radio_and_Wireless_Technology/11%3A_Electromagnetic_Waves/11.02%3A_Maxwells_Equations-_Electromagnetic_Waves_Predicted_and_ObservedElectromagnetic waves consist of oscillating electric and magnetic fields and propagate at the speed of light \(c\). They were predicted by Maxwell, who also showed that \[c = \frac{1}{\sqrt{\mu_{0} \...Electromagnetic waves consist of oscillating electric and magnetic fields and propagate at the speed of light \(c\). They were predicted by Maxwell, who also showed that \[c = \frac{1}{\sqrt{\mu_{0} \epsilon_{0}}},\] where \(mu_{0}\) is the permeability of free space and \(\epsilon_{0}\) is the permitivity of free space. Maxwell’s prediction of electromagnetic waves resulted from his formulation of a complete and symmetric theory of electricity and magnetism, known as Maxwell’s equations.
