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- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/Radically_Modern_Introductory_Physics_Text_II_(Raymond)/23%3A_Entropy/23.05%3A_Specific_HeatRecall that the specific heat is the heat required per unit mass to increase the temperature of the brick by one degree. Thus, if the mass of the brick is M=Nm where m is the mass per oscillator...Recall that the specific heat is the heat required per unit mass to increase the temperature of the brick by one degree. Thus, if the mass of the brick is M=Nm where m is the mass per oscillator, then the predicted specific heat of the brick is C≡1MdQdT≈1MdEdT=kBm (specific heat of harmonic oscillators).
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/Radically_Modern_Introductory_Physics_Text_II_(Raymond)/13%3A_Newtons_Law_of_GravitationThe notion of a test mass and the gravitational field is developed, followed by the idea of gravitational flux. We then learn how to compute the gravitational field from more than one mass, and in par...The notion of a test mass and the gravitational field is developed, followed by the idea of gravitational flux. We then learn how to compute the gravitational field from more than one mass, and in particular from extended bodies with spherical symmetry. We finally examine Kepler’s laws and learn how these laws and the conservation laws for energy and angular momentum may be used to solve problems in orbital dynamics.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/Radically_Modern_Introductory_Physics_Text_II_(Raymond)/25%3A_Constants_Units_and_Conversions/25.01%3A_SI_UnitsThe most fundamental units of measure are length (meters; m), mass (kilograms; kg), time (seconds; s), electric current (ampere; A), temperature (kelvin; K), amount of a substance (mole; mol), and the...The most fundamental units of measure are length (meters; m), mass (kilograms; kg), time (seconds; s), electric current (ampere; A), temperature (kelvin; K), amount of a substance (mole; mol), and the luminous intensity (candela; cd). As such, it is rather anthropocentric and hardly seems to merit the designation “fundamental”. The mole is also less fundamental than the other units, as it is simply a convenient way to refer to a multiple of Avogadro’s number of atoms or molecules.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/Radically_Modern_Introductory_Physics_Text_II_(Raymond)/15%3A_Electromagnetic_Forces/15.02%3A_Electric_and_Magnetic_Fields_and_Forces\[ \mathbf{E}=-\left(\frac{\partial \phi}{\partial x}, \frac{\partial \phi}{\partial y}, \frac{\partial \phi}{\partial z}\right)-\frac{\partial \mathbf{A}}{\partial t} \quad(\text { electric field })\...E=−(∂ϕ∂x,∂ϕ∂y,∂ϕ∂z)−∂A∂t( electric field ) B≡(∂Az∂y−∂Ay∂z,∂Ax∂z−∂Az∂x,∂Ay∂x−∂Ax∂y)( magnetic field )
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/Radically_Modern_Introductory_Physics_Text_II_(Raymond)/21%3A_Atomic_NucleiAtomic nuclei are composite particles made up of protons and neutrons. These two particles are collectively known as nucleons. In order to better understand atomic nuclei, we first make an analogy wit...Atomic nuclei are composite particles made up of protons and neutrons. These two particles are collectively known as nucleons. In order to better understand atomic nuclei, we first make an analogy with molecules. We then investigate the binding energies of atomic nuclei. This information is central to the subjects of radioactive decay as well as nuclear fission and fusion.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/Radically_Modern_Introductory_Physics_Text_II_(Raymond)/21%3A_Atomic_Nuclei/21.01%3A_Molecules__an_AnalogyThis is reflected in the binding energies; quark-quark binding energies are on the order of the rest energies of the quarks themselves. If the nucleons are bound together, the rest energy of the resul...This is reflected in the binding energies; quark-quark binding energies are on the order of the rest energies of the quarks themselves. If the nucleons are bound together, the rest energy of the resulting combination, M combo c 2 is less than the sum of the rest energies of the two nucleons, M1c2, M2c2, by the amount B: Mcombo c2=M1c2+M2c2−B.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/Radically_Modern_Introductory_Physics_Text_II_(Raymond)/24%3A_The_Ideal_Gas_and_Heat_Engines/24.01%3A_Ideal_GasFor a gas one must clarify whether the volume or the pressure is held constant as the temperature increases — the specific heat differs between these two cases because in the latter situation the adde...For a gas one must clarify whether the volume or the pressure is held constant as the temperature increases — the specific heat differs between these two cases because in the latter situation the added energy from the heating is split between the production of internal energy and the production of work as the gas expands.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/Radically_Modern_Introductory_Physics_Text_II_(Raymond)/24%3A_The_Ideal_Gas_and_Heat_Engines/24.02%3A_Heat_EnginesIn particular, for a Carnot engine in which heat Q2 is being extracted from the high temperature reservoir (T2) and heat Q1 is being added to the low te...In particular, for a Carnot engine in which heat Q2 is being extracted from the high temperature reservoir (T2) and heat Q1 is being added to the low temperature reservoir (T1), conservation of energy says that the useful work extracted is W=Q2−Q1, and that the total combined entropy change in the warm and cold reservoirs is
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/Radically_Modern_Introductory_Physics_Text_II_(Raymond)/22%3A_Heat_Temperature_and_Friction/22.01%3A_TemperatureOur body considers something to be hot if heat is transferred from the object to our body, whereas it is perceived as being cold if the transfer of heat is from our body to the object. Empirically it ...Our body considers something to be hot if heat is transferred from the object to our body, whereas it is perceived as being cold if the transfer of heat is from our body to the object. Empirically it is found that the fractional change in the length of a solid body, ΔL/L, is related to the change in temperature ΔT, as illustrated in Figure \PageIndex1::
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/Radically_Modern_Introductory_Physics_Text_II_(Raymond)/22%3A_Heat_Temperature_and_Friction/22.03%3A_Frictionwhere S=vp/d is the shear in the fluid, A is the area of the plates, and μ is the viscosity of the fluid. (Don’t confuse this parameter with the static and...where S=vp/d is the shear in the fluid, A is the area of the plates, and μ is the viscosity of the fluid. (Don’t confuse this parameter with the static and dynamic coefficients of friction!) The parameter vp is the velocity of the top plate with respect to the bottom plate and d is the separation between the plates.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/Radically_Modern_Introductory_Physics_Text_II_(Raymond)/20%3A_The_Standard_Model/20.05%3A_ProblemsDraw a picture of how the negative pion decays into a muon and a mu antineutrino in terms of the quark model of the pion and our ideas about the weak interaction. Note that in this reference frame the...Draw a picture of how the negative pion decays into a muon and a mu antineutrino in terms of the quark model of the pion and our ideas about the weak interaction. Note that in this reference frame the kinetic energy of the initial proton will be nearly the same as that of the final neutron. In the reaction shown in Figure \PageIndex5:, specify what actually happens at the vertex in the shaded region in terms of the quark model of hadrons.
