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- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Optics/Geometric_Optics_(Tatum)/02%3A_Lens_and_Mirror_Calculations/2.07%3A_ExamplesThe power of the first surface is \( \frac{1.5-1.0}{+20}\) cm −1 .The power of the second surface is \(\frac{1.0-1.5}{-30}\) cm −1 . Note that the radius of curvature of the second surface, when encou...The power of the first surface is \( \frac{1.5-1.0}{+20}\) cm −1 .The power of the second surface is \(\frac{1.0-1.5}{-30}\) cm −1 . Note that the radius of curvature of the second surface, when encountered by the light, is negative. The power, which is the reciprocal of the focal length, is the sum of the powers of the three interfaces:
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Optics/Geometric_Optics_(Tatum)/03%3A_Optical_Instruments/3.01%3A_The_Driving_MirrorThe Driving Mirror that is outside on the passenger’s side is usually a convex mirror with some words inscribed on it that say something like “OBJECTS IN MIRROR ARE CLOSER THAN THEY APPEAR”. The imag...The Driving Mirror that is outside on the passenger’s side is usually a convex mirror with some words inscribed on it that say something like “OBJECTS IN MIRROR ARE CLOSER THAN THEY APPEAR”. The image formed by the convex mirror is actually an erect, diminished, virtual image, and it “appears” just a few inches behind the surface of the mirror. The object is much further away that it “appears” to be!
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Optics/Geometric_Optics_(Tatum)/02%3A_Lens_and_Mirror_Calculations/2.05%3A_PowerThe function of a lens is to change the convergence of a beam of light. Indeed the difference between the initial and final convergence is called the power P of the lens, or of a refracting interface,...The function of a lens is to change the convergence of a beam of light. Indeed the difference between the initial and final convergence is called the power P of the lens, or of a refracting interface, or of a reflecting mirror.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Optics/Geometric_Optics_(Tatum)/04%3A_Optical_Aberrations/4.06%3A_DistortionThe magnification of an image is image distance divided by object distance, and image distance is different off-axis than on-axis, so the image magnification varies with distance from the axis. If thi...The magnification of an image is image distance divided by object distance, and image distance is different off-axis than on-axis, so the image magnification varies with distance from the axis. If this distortion is quite small, it may not be noticed in ordinary pictorial photography, but if one is using a photograph for precise positional measurements (for example, in astrometry) it is necessary to correct for the distortion.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Optics/Geometric_Optics_(Tatum)/04%3A_Optical_Aberrations/4.05%3A_Curvature_of_FieldIn designing a lens or lens system, the problems of astigmatism and curvature of field are often closely related. For example a meniscus lens tends to suffer from astigmatism, and there is a focal sur...In designing a lens or lens system, the problems of astigmatism and curvature of field are often closely related. For example a meniscus lens tends to suffer from astigmatism, and there is a focal surface for the tangential image, and a focal surface for the sagittal image, and the tangential and sagittal surfaces curve in opposite senses.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Optics/Geometric_Optics_(Tatum)/02%3A_Lens_and_Mirror_Calculations/2.01%3A_Introduction_to_Lens_and_Mirror_CalculationsBut your professor may interpret the minus sign as meaning that the image is to the left of the lens, or on the opposite side of the lens from the object, or is inverted, and he consequently marks it ...But your professor may interpret the minus sign as meaning that the image is to the left of the lens, or on the opposite side of the lens from the object, or is inverted, and he consequently marks it wrong. In this chapter I shall, needless to say, introduce my own sign convention, and needless to say my own convention is vastly superior to anyone else’s and quite different from any that you may already be used to or that your own teacher uses, or that you have ever seen in any book.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Optics/Geometric_Optics_(Tatum)/01%3A_Reflection_and_Refraction/1.08%3A_Differential_Form_of_Snell's_LawSnell’s law in the form nsinθ = constant is useful in calculating how a light ray is bent in travelling from one medium to another where there is a discrete change of refractive index. If there is a...Snell’s law in the form nsinθ = constant is useful in calculating how a light ray is bent in travelling from one medium to another where there is a discrete change of refractive index. If there is a medium in which the refractive index is changing continuously, a differential form of Snell’s law may be useful.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Optics/Geometric_Optics_(Tatum)/01%3A_Reflection_and_RefractionThumbnail: The larger the angle to the normal, the smaller is the fraction of light transmitted rather than reflected, until the angle at which total internal reflection occurs. The color of the rays ...Thumbnail: The larger the angle to the normal, the smaller is the fraction of light transmitted rather than reflected, until the angle at which total internal reflection occurs. The color of the rays is to help distinguish the rays, and is not meant to indicate any color dependence. (CC BY-SA 3.0; Clément 421138).
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Optics/Geometric_Optics_(Tatum)/02%3A_Lens_and_Mirror_Calculations/2.13%3A_The_Lazy_WayThe convergence and power method has great advantages when you have a complex systems of many lenses, mirrors and interfaces in succession. You just add the powers one after the other. But I expect th...The convergence and power method has great advantages when you have a complex systems of many lenses, mirrors and interfaces in succession. You just add the powers one after the other. But I expect there are some readers who don’t want to be bothered with all of that, and just want to do simple single-lens calculations with a simple formula that they are accustomed to, which is appropriate for the “real is positive” sign convention.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Optics/Geometric_Optics_(Tatum)/01%3A_Reflection_and_Refraction/1.01%3A_IntroductionThe part of geometric optics that often causes the most difficulty, particularly in getting the right answer for homework or examination problems, is the vexing matter of sign conventions in lens and ...The part of geometric optics that often causes the most difficulty, particularly in getting the right answer for homework or examination problems, is the vexing matter of sign conventions in lens and mirror calculations.
- https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Optics/Geometric_Optics_(Tatum)/02%3A_Lens_and_Mirror_Calculations/2.11%3A_Thick_LensesFor example, we might have a thick lens and an object, but, instead of being asked to find the image, we may be told the image distance and asked to find the refractive index, or the thickness, or one...For example, we might have a thick lens and an object, but, instead of being asked to find the image, we may be told the image distance and asked to find the refractive index, or the thickness, or one of the radii. Compose a problem in which a student is given the focal length of two lenses, and the positions of object and image, and the student is asked to calculate the distance between the lenses.
